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Top 10 Project Methodology Templates with Samples and Examples

Vaishali Rai

Project management is confusing. Have you ever been in a situation like this, sitting at your project meeting, perhaps feeling out of your depth, and finding it hard to follow the conversation around you? It may be due to unstructured and unorganized execution of the project's principles. You also might need to apply a suitable project management methodology. 

What is project management methodology?

A project management methodology is a set of principles, techniques, and procedures Project Managers use to execute and manage projects. There are several methodologies and all require different workflows, deliverables, and project management software development. The project management methodologies facilitate team collaboration by directing team members to work for a common objective.

Are your projects complex or straightforward? Whatever the case may be, these Top 10 Project Management Cycle Templates will help you organize and track every bit of it!

When a project is carried out systematically, chances of success are better. Project managers are responsible for planning tasks, tracking progress, and delivering results. Here’s when a project methodology comes in. It includes certain procedures that help you structure your team’s workflow.

There are many project methodologies available for the systematic execution of a project. Choosing the best one among a landscape of methodologies can be overwhelming. Some of these work well in specific projects or industries. However, Product managers select the methodology that best suits the way their teams work. 

Here, in this blog, we'll talk about project methodologies and templates you can use in your projects. 

Let’s explore!

Template 1: Project Management Methodologies PowerPoint Presentation Slides

This PPT displays an elaborative project agenda, including the project brief essential to operate efficiently. The layout also consists of details about the company's products. Showcase the progress summary, and the milestones achieved and reflect on the potential goals. Download now!

Download now!

Template 2: Three Principles of Waterfall Project Methodology

This PPT is designed while keeping in mind the linear approach, meaning that the tasks are organized in a sequence. This template allows you to map the tasks from beginning to end and work accordingly. It includes three essential waterfall project methodology principles: low customer involvement, robust project documentation, and sequential stages that smoothen up the project management process. Download now!

Template 3: 5D Consulting Project Methodology with Implementation

This PPT Template portrays a five-dimensional visualization process for consulting projects. It includes major steps like discovering, designing, developing, designing, and determining while considering budgetary and cost requirements. It also comprises activities like process assessment, tools management, collaboration, etc., that aid in accurate project deployment and maintenance. Download now!

Template 4: Enterprise Resource Planning Consulting Project Methodology

This template displays an execution method for designing ERP software for both parties; the consulting firm and the buyer. It includes the implementation team, administrative project management, project management team, etc. Ace your resource planning game by organizing, identifying, and listing the resources required to complete a project. Get it now!

Template 5: Rotation Process Illustrating Agile Project Methodology

Agile is more of an approach than a methodology. It is collaborative, fast and effective, data-backed, and values individuals over processes. This template lets you analyze processes, provide suggestions, plan & design projects, project construction, and evaluate & monitor processes. Download now!

Template 6: Consulting Project Methodology for Supply Chain and Logistics

This template exhibits consulting project methodology for supply chain and logistics. It includes the five-step process of mapping, internal audit, gap assessment, solution design, and implementation. The topics discussed in this slide are gap analysis, solution design, implementation, internal audit, and mapping. Download this versatile template now!

Template 7: Project Management Methodology Including Planning

This methodology is the one most used by project managers. It portrays the tasks in a chronological manner involving designing, developing, testing, and deploying a project. If you're looking for a comprehensive guide to your next project, look no further than this. Download it now!

Template 8: Project Management and Implementation Methodology Overview

Project management and implementation methodology plays a significant role in ensuring successful delivery of projects. This template explains how these methods can be used to ensure the successful delivery of projects, along with some tips for implementing them. They also include a variety of practical examples to help you understand how the methodology can be applied in a real-world scenario. Get it now!

Template 9: Waterfall vs Agile Development Methodology for Project

This two-stage process template for projects is explicit and effective. It combines clarity and concise expression to achieve holistic project development by enabling client/stakeholder collaboration. It encourages frequent interaction of team members, making them resolve any complexities and meet requirements before deadlines. Download this now!

Template 10: Methodology Five Steps Indicating Project Lifecycle

Strategically important complex projects that are long-term, resource-heavy, and extensive, require flexible project management methodology. This template includes five steps of a project lifecycle that helps bring more cohesion to your project. Keep every team member on the same page with this helpful and 100% customizable template. Download now!

Manage Your Projects Well

By choosing the right project management methodology at the right time and the right place, you’ll be able to make your projects more efficient. Finding the perfect project methodology also helps implement processes right for you, your team, and your organization.

We hope that the above set of templates serves as the ultimate tool in your belt!

FAQs on Project Methodology

What is a project methodology.

A project management methodology is a detailed manual to supervise project completion. A project team uses this set of defined processes to initiate, plan, and execute the project. The type of project methodology you choose establishes the way of work organization, prioritization, and completion. 

The project management methodology aims to standardize, structure, and organize work requirements and methods. This helps focus on what works best and enables the repetition of successful aspects and learning from mistakes, resulting in a continuous improvement process.

What are the five project methodologies?

Here are five common project methodologies used by Project Managers to manage workflow:

• Agile : This method is best suited for projects which require extreme flexibility and speed. It focuses less on documentation and more on customer satisfaction. Agile methodology is good for products with a faster release cycle. 
• Scrum : Scrum methodology has an iterative project management style. It follows the principles followed in Agile methodology. In this method, the work is done in sessions known as ‘Sprints’. Here, the Scrum Master facilitates the process instead of a Project Manager. 
• Waterfall : It is based on traditional methods and mainly focuses on following the processes. Here, much emphasis is given to project documentation. 
• Critical Path Method : This methodology is a step-by-step method and works best for projects with independent tasks. Its key role is to measure and prioritize tasks.
• Program Evaluation and Review Technique : This method is commonly used along with CPM (Critical Path Method). It is mostly used by businesses that are looking for expansion. It measures progress to create timelines and budgets.
• Critical Chain Method : A separate classification, this methodology is more advanced than the CPM methodology. Here, goals are created based on constraints while focusing on cost-saving benefits.

What are the three major types of project methodologies?

Here are three major types of methodologies commonly used:

• Scrum method : Scrum is the most widely used agile methodology for project management. It allows you to do more by scheduling tasks in short cycles named sprints. It enables you to work as a dedicated team to analyze processes, meet requirements, and meet deadlines. It also helps you receive continuous feedback rather than using final evaluations. The scrum methodology is mostly used to develop new projects, compile budgets, and organize annual reports. 
• Waterfall method : This method is linear and phase-based. It arranges and organizes tasks chronologically, which helps identify major areas of errors. Documentation is a huge part of waterfall methodology. It entails precise details about what you’re doing and how you’re doing it. This methodology doesn’t provide any room for flexibility.
• Lean and Six Sigma method : Lean and Six Sigma method is famous for its ability to manage the resource and time wastage that occurs in other methodologies. It is an approach to continuous improvement that is divided into two types of initiatives- Ongoing improvement initiatives and project-based initiatives. Each of these is associated with a set of methods and tools for you to employ. Ultimately, this methodology is based on the Kaizen principle that aims at making small changes on a daily basis for continuous improvement in small, easy steps.

How do you prepare a project methodology?

A good project method will represent the convergence of many factors, such as your scope, professional experience, and the research done. Here’s how you can prepare a project methodology in five steps:

• Communicate deliverables : A solid plan requires proper research and pre-planning. So, the first step is to set clear objectives, cost & budget, project requirements, and deliverables to work upon. 
• Define the process : Choose the project methodology that best suits your team’s workflow and organizational structure. Sit with your team and draft a process that matches your work style and project requirements. 
• Communicate risks and deadlines : Analyzing the ability to manage risks while meeting project deadlines is the next step in preparing a methodology. You need to observe the level of risk you can handle based on the size of the project.
• Determine task dependencies : Next, it is important to understand if you can perform tasks while keeping room for flexibility to alter the processes.

Define client/ stakeholder collaboration : Finally, you need to oversee the level of involvement you need from your stakeholders and clients in a project. It also defines team roles and assignments to help break down bigger projects into small and easy tasks.

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Top 15 Project Management Methodologies: An Overview

There are many different project management methodologies—such as waterfall, agile, kanban, six sigma, scrum and more—and they all have pros and cons. Some of them work better in particular industries or projects, so you’ll need to learn about project management methodologies to decide which one works best for you.

What Is a Project Management Methodology?

A project management methodology is a set of principles, tools and techniques that are used to plan, execute and manage projects. Project management methodologies help project managers lead team members and manage work while facilitating team collaboration.

We’ll go through some of the most popular project management methodologies, which are applied in many sectors such as software development, R&D and product development.

Why Use One of These Project Management Methodologies?

Consider the main goals of any project ; to deliver it on time and within budget while still focusing on quality. A project management methodology can help an organization do exactly that. They provide a consistent, structured approach to organizing tasks, allocating resources and achieving the project’s short-term and long-term goals.

Reducing risk is another important aspect of using project management methodologies. With a methodological approach, project managers have the tools they need to identify and reduce risks before they impact the project. As each team member has clear marching orders, expectations are clear and stakeholders understand what to expect.

Methodologies also include performance metrics and control mechanisms to improve tracking , performance and resource management. Overall, a project management framework has a multitude of benefits and virtually no downsides.

Top 15 Project Management Methodologies

If you manage projects, you need to learn about project management methodologies. Here’s a quick overview of the most commonly used project management methods that you can use.

1. Waterfall Methodology

This may be the most straightforward and linear of all the project management methods in this list, as well as the most traditional approach. The name is apt, as the waterfall methodology is a process in which the phases of the project flow downward. The waterfall model requires that you move from one project phase to another only once that phase has been successfully completed.

When to use it: The waterfall approach is great for manufacturing and construction projects , which are highly structured, and when it’s too expensive to pivot or change anything after the fact. The waterfall method makes use of Gantt charts for planning and scheduling.

2. Agile Methodology

What it is: In a nutshell, Agile project management is an evolving and collaborative way to self-organize across teams. When implementing the agile methodology , project planning and work management are adaptive, evolutionary in development, seeking early delivery and are always open to change if that leads to process improvement. It’s fast and flexible, unlike waterfall project management.

The agile methodology offers project teams a very dynamic way to work and collaborate and that’s why it is a very popular project management methodology for product and software development. That’s because what we think of as agile really appeared in 2001 with the publication of the “Manifesto for Agile Software Development,” authored by 17 software developers.

When to use it: The practice originated in software development and works well in that culture. How do you know if agile is for you? It has been applied to non-software products that seek to drive forward with innovation and have a level of uncertainty, such as computers, motor vehicles, medical devices, food, clothing, music and more. It’s also being used in other types of projects that need a more responsive and fast-paced production schedule , such as marketing.

3. Scrum Methodology

What it is: Scrum is a short “sprint” approach to managing projects. The scrum methodology is It’s ideal for teams of no more than 10 people and often is wedded to two-week cycles with short daily meetings, known as daily scrum meetings . It’s led by what is called a scrum master . Scrum works within an agile project management framework, though there have been attempts to scale Scrum to fit larger organizations.

The term scrum was introduced in a “Harvard Business Review” article from 1986 by Hirotaka Takeuchi and Ikujiro Nonaka. It became a part of agile when Ken Schwaber and Mike Beedle wrote the book “Agile Software Development with Scrum” in 2001. Schwaber formed the Scrum Alliance in 2002, a certified scrum accreditation series. Schwaber left the Scrum Alliance in 2009 to start a parallel accreditation organization called Scrum.org.

When to use it: Like agile, the scrum methodology has been used predominantly in software development, but proponents note it is applicable across any industry or business, including retail logistics, event planning or any project that requires some flexibility. It does require strict scrum roles , however.

4. Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK)

What it is: This is the granddaddy of methodologies if it’s a methodology at all. The Project Management Institute (PMI) is a not-for-profit membership association, project management certification and standards organization.

This organization produces a book called the “Project Management Body of Knowledge” or PMBOK. The PMBOK provides definitions and guidelines for project planning, scheduling, executing and controlling. For example, the project management process groups describe the project life cycle, while the 10 project management knowledge areas explain how to manage a project.

When to use it: Almost any project can benefit from PMBOK, as all projects big and small are going to go through the various stages of the project life cycle outlined in the book. It’s a great way to keep everyone on the same page, so to speak, and offers a clear definition of how a project is managed.

The Project Management Institute it’s also the organization that grants various project management certifications such as the project management professional (PMP) certification, which is the gold standard among project managers and is recognized all over the world. PMBOK is a great traditional framework to run a project.

5. Critical Path Method (CPM)

What it is: In the critical path method (CPM), you build a model of the project, including all the activities listed in a work breakdown structure , the duration of those tasks, what if any task dependencies there are and marking off milestones to indicated larger phases of the project or points in which your project deliverables are due.

With this information, you can identify the longest sequence of tasks to finish the project, which is called the critical path. You’ll need to keep an eye on those tasks because if one of them is delayed, the whole project will be delayed.

The critical path method was developed in the late 1950s by Morgan R. Walker of DuPont and James E. Kelley, Jr., of Remington Rand. DuPont was already using a precursor of CPM as early as the 1940s, and it was applied to the Manhattan Project.

When to use it: CPM works better with smaller or mid-sized projects. The larger the project, the more difficult it can be to take all the data you need to diagram and make sense of it without project management software .

6. Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM)

What it is: In , you’re focusing on resources that you’ll be using to complete the project, such as teams, equipment, office space, etc. It’s a less technical method of project management that doesn’t put as much emphasis on task order or schedule , but rather on balancing resources and keeping them flexible.

First introduced in 1997, in the book “Critical Path” by Eliyahu M. Goldratt, it has been credited with making projects anywhere from 10-50% faster and/or cheaper.

When to use it: CCPM can be applied to both large and small companies, and for projects that include industries such as construction, software development and tech research and development.

7. Kanban Methodology

What it is: The kanban methodology is a visual approach to project management. The name is literally billboard in Japanese. It helps manage workflow by placing tasks on a kanban board where workflow and progress are clear to all team members. The kanban methodology helps reduce inefficiencies and is a great project management tool for many purposes such as lean manufacturing or agile projects.

Kanban project management has been around since the late 1940s when it was studied by Toyota used the rate of demand to control the rate of production of its vehicles. The car company applied it to its lean manufacturing model, known as the Toyota production system.

With the dawn of visual planning boards in software in our era, like Trello, there are now new uses for kanban tools and kanban methods. Agile teams use kanban boards for story-boarding user stories and for backlog planning in software development.

When to use it: Another process developed initially for manufacturing and for software teams, the kanban method has since expanded and has been used in human resources, marketing, organizational strategy, executive process and accounts receivable and payable. Almost anyone can plan with Kanban boards, adding cards to represent project phases, task deadlines, people, ideas and more. Kanban software makes this methodology especially accessible.

8. Extreme Programming (XP)

What it is: It sounds like some dangerous sport the kids are into, but in fact, XP is a type of agile software development with short development cycles and multiple releases to improve productivity. Customer requirements are sought and can adapt to the course of the project.

Created by Kent Beck while working on the Chrysler Comprehensive Compensation System payroll project, he literally wrote the book (“Extreme Programming Explained”) in 1999. But many of its practices have been around for a while.

When to use it: When requirements change frequently, then you’ll want to use a methodology such as XP. It’s good when your customer doesn’t have a clear idea of what they want.

9. Lean Methodology

What it is: Lean project management is what you’d think it is from its name: a way to cut waste and in so doing increase value in projects and manufacturing processes. So, lean focuses on eliminating waste from key processes to continuously be impacting positively on the value stream. It does this by optimizing separate technologies, assets and verticals.

Lean project management goes back to Henry Ford and his flow production for automating the process of building cars. Toyota picked up on the idea, as well, extending their idea beyond manufacturing to the continuous improvement of the product development process.

Today, software development teams run lean processes to focus on end-user feedback and increased value, which means Lean methodology has taken on a new meaning, particularly with the publishing of Lean Startup, by Eric Ries, who advocates for rapid prototyping, end-user feedback and early and rapid product delivery.

When to use it: Lean project management was first developed by Toyota and is obviously a great methodology for manufacturing. In fact, it’s also referred to as lean manufacturing , but it has been adopted by construction and education industries, among others in the manufacturing space and countless startups and software development firms looking to drive products focused on the end-user.

10. Six Sigma

What it is: Introduced by engineers working at Motorola in the mid-1980s, Six Sigma works to improve quality by identifying what is not working in the project. It applies quality management, including empirical statistics, and employs personnel who are experts in these disciplines. There is also a Lean Six Sigma that adds lean methodology to eliminate waste.

As a doctrine, it says that continued efforts to achieve results that are stable and expected are most important to success. Processes can be refined and improved. It takes the whole organization, from the top down, to sustain quality in a project.

When to use it: This methodology works best in larger organizations. Even companies with a few hundred employees are likely too small to take advantage of its benefits. It requires a certification to practice. Learn about six sigma certification here.

11. PRINCE2

What it is: PRINCE2 stands for Projects IN Controlled Environments and is a structured certified methodology. It was initially created by the UK government for IT projects. PRINCE2 is not like other traditional methods like waterfall, in that it’s not a one-size-fits-all solution, but follows seven principles, themes and procedures.

When the UK government adopted standards for IT systems in 1989, they called in PRINCE. PRINCE2 came about in 1996 as a more general project management method. It is now a popular project management methodology throughout all UK governmental agencies and the United Nations.

When to use it: Adopted by many other countries’ governments, PRINCE2, so, as you can imagine, it’s not always suitable for smaller projects.

12. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD)

What it is: Integrated project delivery is a collaborative method integrating the key participants in a project, including contractors, owners, architects or consultants. They align their goals and identify their risks, acting as one team to foster a collaborative environment. As a result, communication improves, conflicts are resolved and project outcomes are optimized.

The result of this improved collaboration helps achieve shared project goals. In some cases, it can even improve efficiency and quality while simultaneously reducing costs.

When to use it: The ideal situation to use the IPD method is in complex or long-term projects where risk is shared. It can benefit projects where streamlined solutions can reduce conflict throughout the project.

13. Adaptive Project Framework (APF)

What it is: As the name suggests, the adaptive project framework focuses on the ability to pivot and adapt as the project unfolds. Throughout the project, APF helps support fast or frequent adjustments that impact the project scope, requirements and plans. It can also adapt to changes in client needs or market conditions.

It encourages the project manager to focus on the ongoing evaluation of processes and deliverables to ensure stakeholder expectations are met. If feedback is provided and changes are made, APF allows teams to pivot so they can still deliver value.

When to use it: Use this project management framework with projects that have a high level of uncertainty or change. It focuses on resilience and allows teams to adjust as needed to reduce the likelihood of major issues.

14. Extreme Project Management (XPM)

What it is: The extreme project management methodology helps manage projects that are characterized by uncertainty, complexity and fast changes. XPM focuses on adaptive and iterative processes to refine deliverables and reduce risk.

XPM prioritizes customer needs and supports self-organizing teams that make decisions and adapt to changing project conditions.

When to use it: Extreme project management is best for projects taking place in dynamic environments such as technology development, as traditional project management methodologies might not allow for the flexibility or pace to keep up with these changes.

15. Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM)

What it is: This project management framework helps create a visual representation of the project schedule. Each activity is displayed as a node or box on a diagram with arrows that represent relationships and dependencies.

It provides a clear and visual layout of task sequences and dependencies to help determine what tasks need to be completed before others begin or which tasks can occur simultaneously.

When to use it: The PDM is best used for projects that need a detailed and accurate schedule where timing is essential. Its structured and visual approach improves planning, monitoring and execution.

ProjectManager Works with Any Project Management Methodology

There are almost as many methods to manage as there are projects. But they all share one thing in common: getting deliverables done on time and within budget. No matter which project management methodology you choose ProjectManager is the one software you’ll need to do it.

Tools for Waterfall Project Management

Waterfall is structured. One thing follows the next and it’s all planned out. No problem. ProjectManager has an online Gantt chart . Import your task list to start a new project. Add due dates and the tasks populate a timeline. Link-dependent tasks to avoid bottlenecks. Set milestones to separate the project into phases. You control the project step by step.

Tools for Agile Project Management

Gantt charts aren’t going to help as much as other project tools if you’re working in an agile framework. That’s true, but ProjectManager is flexible enough to serve scrum teams with multiple project views.

Use the kanban view to map out your sprint. Product backlogs are collected on cards, which can be prioritized for scrum teams to know which user story to work on first. Then the sprint can be archived, so when doing a sprint retrospective, teams can learn from their mistakes and improve the process.

Multiple Views for Diverse Teams

What if your organization is larger, with different divisions, some that work with an agile project management framework and others with a more traditional waterfall methodology? What’s great about ProjectManager is that it can switch from one view to the other, giving IT teams a kanban board view for their scrum sprints and managers a Gantt chart for a bigger project planning overview.

The real-time dashboard and reporting features gather the same data and crunch the same numbers, so whatever project management method you use is tracking the same results.

Yes, ProjectManager is an award-winning project management software for a reason. It’s flexible enough to work in an agile environment, traditional waterfall methodology or a hybrid of the two. You decide, not the software, which means ProjectManager is the one tool to bring in your project, however, you manage it, successfully.

Related Content

• Project Integration Management
• Waterfall Project Management Software
• Agile Project Management Software
• Critical Path Software

There are more project management methodologies, but these are some of the most popular. Regardless of which you use, you need a project management tool to best manage all your processes and projects. ProjectManager is an online PM tool, so whatever methodology is right for you our software will help you apply it to a successful end. Try it free for 30 days and see for yourself.

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Home » Research Methodology – Types, Examples and writing Guide

Research Methodology – Types, Examples and writing Guide

Table of Contents

Research Methodology

Definition:

Research Methodology refers to the systematic and scientific approach used to conduct research, investigate problems, and gather data and information for a specific purpose. It involves the techniques and procedures used to identify, collect , analyze , and interpret data to answer research questions or solve research problems . Moreover, They are philosophical and theoretical frameworks that guide the research process.

Structure of Research Methodology

Research methodology formats can vary depending on the specific requirements of the research project, but the following is a basic example of a structure for a research methodology section:

I. Introduction

• Provide an overview of the research problem and the need for a research methodology section
• Outline the main research questions and objectives

II. Research Design

• Explain the research design chosen and why it is appropriate for the research question(s) and objectives
• Discuss any alternative research designs considered and why they were not chosen
• Describe the research setting and participants (if applicable)

III. Data Collection Methods

• Describe the methods used to collect data (e.g., surveys, interviews, observations)
• Explain how the data collection methods were chosen and why they are appropriate for the research question(s) and objectives
• Detail any procedures or instruments used for data collection

IV. Data Analysis Methods

• Describe the methods used to analyze the data (e.g., statistical analysis, content analysis )
• Explain how the data analysis methods were chosen and why they are appropriate for the research question(s) and objectives
• Detail any procedures or software used for data analysis

V. Ethical Considerations

• Discuss any ethical issues that may arise from the research and how they were addressed
• Explain how informed consent was obtained (if applicable)
• Detail any measures taken to ensure confidentiality and anonymity

VI. Limitations

• Identify any potential limitations of the research methodology and how they may impact the results and conclusions

VII. Conclusion

• Summarize the key aspects of the research methodology section
• Explain how the research methodology addresses the research question(s) and objectives

Research Methodology Types

Types of Research Methodology are as follows:

Quantitative Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that involves the collection and analysis of numerical data using statistical methods. This type of research is often used to study cause-and-effect relationships and to make predictions.

Qualitative Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that involves the collection and analysis of non-numerical data such as words, images, and observations. This type of research is often used to explore complex phenomena, to gain an in-depth understanding of a particular topic, and to generate hypotheses.

Mixed-Methods Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that combines elements of both quantitative and qualitative research. This approach can be particularly useful for studies that aim to explore complex phenomena and to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a particular topic.

Case Study Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that involves in-depth examination of a single case or a small number of cases. Case studies are often used in psychology, sociology, and anthropology to gain a detailed understanding of a particular individual or group.

Action Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that involves a collaborative process between researchers and practitioners to identify and solve real-world problems. Action research is often used in education, healthcare, and social work.

Experimental Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that involves the manipulation of one or more independent variables to observe their effects on a dependent variable. Experimental research is often used to study cause-and-effect relationships and to make predictions.

Survey Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that involves the collection of data from a sample of individuals using questionnaires or interviews. Survey research is often used to study attitudes, opinions, and behaviors.

Grounded Theory Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that involves the development of theories based on the data collected during the research process. Grounded theory is often used in sociology and anthropology to generate theories about social phenomena.

Research Methodology Example

An Example of Research Methodology could be the following:

Research Methodology for Investigating the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Reducing Symptoms of Depression in Adults

Introduction:

The aim of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in reducing symptoms of depression in adults. To achieve this objective, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted using a mixed-methods approach.

Research Design:

The study will follow a pre-test and post-test design with two groups: an experimental group receiving CBT and a control group receiving no intervention. The study will also include a qualitative component, in which semi-structured interviews will be conducted with a subset of participants to explore their experiences of receiving CBT.

Participants:

Participants will be recruited from community mental health clinics in the local area. The sample will consist of 100 adults aged 18-65 years old who meet the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group.

Intervention :

The experimental group will receive 12 weekly sessions of CBT, each lasting 60 minutes. The intervention will be delivered by licensed mental health professionals who have been trained in CBT. The control group will receive no intervention during the study period.

Data Collection:

Quantitative data will be collected through the use of standardized measures such as the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Data will be collected at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and at a 3-month follow-up. Qualitative data will be collected through semi-structured interviews with a subset of participants from the experimental group. The interviews will be conducted at the end of the intervention period, and will explore participants’ experiences of receiving CBT.

Data Analysis:

Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and mixed-model analyses of variance (ANOVA) to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Qualitative data will be analyzed using thematic analysis to identify common themes and patterns in participants’ experiences of receiving CBT.

Ethical Considerations:

This study will comply with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects. Participants will provide informed consent before participating in the study, and their privacy and confidentiality will be protected throughout the study. Any adverse events or reactions will be reported and managed appropriately.

Data Management:

All data collected will be kept confidential and stored securely using password-protected databases. Identifying information will be removed from qualitative data transcripts to ensure participants’ anonymity.

Limitations:

One potential limitation of this study is that it only focuses on one type of psychotherapy, CBT, and may not generalize to other types of therapy or interventions. Another limitation is that the study will only include participants from community mental health clinics, which may not be representative of the general population.

Conclusion:

This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of CBT in reducing symptoms of depression in adults. By using a randomized controlled trial and a mixed-methods approach, the study will provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the relationship between CBT and depression. The results of this study will have important implications for the development of effective treatments for depression in clinical settings.

How to Write Research Methodology

Writing a research methodology involves explaining the methods and techniques you used to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. It’s an essential section of any research paper or thesis, as it helps readers understand the validity and reliability of your findings. Here are the steps to write a research methodology:

• Start by explaining your research question: Begin the methodology section by restating your research question and explaining why it’s important. This helps readers understand the purpose of your research and the rationale behind your methods.
• Describe your research design: Explain the overall approach you used to conduct research. This could be a qualitative or quantitative research design, experimental or non-experimental, case study or survey, etc. Discuss the advantages and limitations of the chosen design.
• Discuss your sample: Describe the participants or subjects you included in your study. Include details such as their demographics, sampling method, sample size, and any exclusion criteria used.
• Describe your data collection methods : Explain how you collected data from your participants. This could include surveys, interviews, observations, questionnaires, or experiments. Include details on how you obtained informed consent, how you administered the tools, and how you minimized the risk of bias.
• Explain your data analysis techniques: Describe the methods you used to analyze the data you collected. This could include statistical analysis, content analysis, thematic analysis, or discourse analysis. Explain how you dealt with missing data, outliers, and any other issues that arose during the analysis.
• Discuss the validity and reliability of your research : Explain how you ensured the validity and reliability of your study. This could include measures such as triangulation, member checking, peer review, or inter-coder reliability.
• Acknowledge any limitations of your research: Discuss any limitations of your study, including any potential threats to validity or generalizability. This helps readers understand the scope of your findings and how they might apply to other contexts.
• Provide a summary: End the methodology section by summarizing the methods and techniques you used to conduct your research. This provides a clear overview of your research methodology and helps readers understand the process you followed to arrive at your findings.

When to Write Research Methodology

Research methodology is typically written after the research proposal has been approved and before the actual research is conducted. It should be written prior to data collection and analysis, as it provides a clear roadmap for the research project.

The research methodology is an important section of any research paper or thesis, as it describes the methods and procedures that will be used to conduct the research. It should include details about the research design, data collection methods, data analysis techniques, and any ethical considerations.

The methodology should be written in a clear and concise manner, and it should be based on established research practices and standards. It is important to provide enough detail so that the reader can understand how the research was conducted and evaluate the validity of the results.

Applications of Research Methodology

Here are some of the applications of research methodology:

• To identify the research problem: Research methodology is used to identify the research problem, which is the first step in conducting any research.
• To design the research: Research methodology helps in designing the research by selecting the appropriate research method, research design, and sampling technique.
• To collect data: Research methodology provides a systematic approach to collect data from primary and secondary sources.
• To analyze data: Research methodology helps in analyzing the collected data using various statistical and non-statistical techniques.
• To test hypotheses: Research methodology provides a framework for testing hypotheses and drawing conclusions based on the analysis of data.
• To generalize findings: Research methodology helps in generalizing the findings of the research to the target population.
• To develop theories : Research methodology is used to develop new theories and modify existing theories based on the findings of the research.
• To evaluate programs and policies : Research methodology is used to evaluate the effectiveness of programs and policies by collecting data and analyzing it.
• To improve decision-making: Research methodology helps in making informed decisions by providing reliable and valid data.

Purpose of Research Methodology

Research methodology serves several important purposes, including:

• To guide the research process: Research methodology provides a systematic framework for conducting research. It helps researchers to plan their research, define their research questions, and select appropriate methods and techniques for collecting and analyzing data.
• To ensure research quality: Research methodology helps researchers to ensure that their research is rigorous, reliable, and valid. It provides guidelines for minimizing bias and error in data collection and analysis, and for ensuring that research findings are accurate and trustworthy.
• To replicate research: Research methodology provides a clear and detailed account of the research process, making it possible for other researchers to replicate the study and verify its findings.
• To advance knowledge: Research methodology enables researchers to generate new knowledge and to contribute to the body of knowledge in their field. It provides a means for testing hypotheses, exploring new ideas, and discovering new insights.
• To inform decision-making: Research methodology provides evidence-based information that can inform policy and decision-making in a variety of fields, including medicine, public health, education, and business.

Advantages of Research Methodology

Research methodology has several advantages that make it a valuable tool for conducting research in various fields. Here are some of the key advantages of research methodology:

• Systematic and structured approach : Research methodology provides a systematic and structured approach to conducting research, which ensures that the research is conducted in a rigorous and comprehensive manner.
• Objectivity : Research methodology aims to ensure objectivity in the research process, which means that the research findings are based on evidence and not influenced by personal bias or subjective opinions.
• Replicability : Research methodology ensures that research can be replicated by other researchers, which is essential for validating research findings and ensuring their accuracy.
• Reliability : Research methodology aims to ensure that the research findings are reliable, which means that they are consistent and can be depended upon.
• Validity : Research methodology ensures that the research findings are valid, which means that they accurately reflect the research question or hypothesis being tested.
• Efficiency : Research methodology provides a structured and efficient way of conducting research, which helps to save time and resources.
• Flexibility : Research methodology allows researchers to choose the most appropriate research methods and techniques based on the research question, data availability, and other relevant factors.
• Scope for innovation: Research methodology provides scope for innovation and creativity in designing research studies and developing new research techniques.

Research Methodology Vs Research Methods

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How To Write The Methodology Chapter

A plain-language explainer – with practical examples.

Overview: The Methodology Chapter

• The purpose  of the methodology chapter
• Why you need to craft this chapter (really) well
• How to write and structure the chapter
• Methodology chapter example
• Essential takeaways

What (exactly) is the methodology chapter?

The methodology chapter is where you outline the philosophical foundations of your research and detail the specific methodological choices you’ve made. In other words, the purpose of this chapter is to explain exactly how you designed your study and, just as importantly, why you made those choices.

Your methodology chapter should comprehensively describe and justify all the methodological decisions involved in your study. For instance, the research approach you took (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods), your sampling strategy (who you collected data from), how you gathered your data, and how you analysed it. If that sounds a bit daunting, don’t worry – we’ll walk you through all these methodological aspects in this post .

Why is the methodology chapter important?

The methodology chapter plays two important roles in your dissertation or thesis:

Firstly, it demonstrates your understanding of research theory, which is what earns you marks. A flawed research design or methodology would mean flawed results. So, this chapter is vital as it allows you to show the marker that you know what you’re doing and that your results are credible .

Secondly, the methodology chapter is what helps to make your study replicable. In other words, it allows other researchers to undertake your study using the same methodological approach, and compare their findings to yours. This is very important within academic research, as each study builds on previous studies.

The methodology chapter is also important in that it allows you to identify and discuss any methodological issues or problems you encountered (i.e., research limitations ), and to explain how you mitigated the impacts of these.

Now, it’s important to understand that every research project has its limitations , so it’s important to acknowledge these openly and highlight your study’s value despite its limitations . Doing so demonstrates your understanding of research design, which will earn you marks. 

Need a helping hand?

How to write up the methodology chapter

Before you start writing, it’s always a good idea to draw up a rough outline to guide your writing. Don’t just start writing without knowing what you’ll discuss where. If you do, you’ll likely end up with a disjointed, ill-flowing narrative . You’ll then waste a lot of time rewriting in an attempt to try to stitch all the pieces together. Do yourself a favour and start with the end in mind .

Section 1 – Introduction

As with all chapters in your dissertation or thesis, the methodology chapter should have a brief introduction. In this section, you should remind your readers what the focus of your study is, especially the research aims . As we’ve discussed many times on the blog, your methodology needs to align with your research aims, objectives and research questions. Therefore, it’s useful to frontload this component to remind the reader (and yourself!) what you’re trying to achieve.

Section 2 – The Methodology

The next section of your chapter is where you’ll present the actual methodology. In this section, you need to detail and justify the key methodological choices you’ve made in a logical, intuitive fashion. Importantly, this is the heart of your methodology chapter, so you need to get specific – don’t hold back on the details here. This is not one of those “less is more” situations.

Let’s take a look at the most common components you’ll likely need to cover.

Methodological Choice #1 – Research Philosophy

Research philosophy refers to the underlying beliefs (i.e., the worldview) regarding how data about a phenomenon should be gathered , analysed and used . The research philosophy will serve as the core of your study and underpin all of the other research design choices, so it’s critically important that you understand which philosophy you’ll adopt and why you made that choice. If you’re not clear on this, take the time to get clarity before you make any further methodological choices.

While several research philosophies exist, two commonly adopted ones are positivism and interpretivism . These two sit roughly on opposite sides of the research philosophy spectrum.

Positivism states that the researcher can observe reality objectively and that there is only one reality, which exists independently of the observer. As a consequence, it is quite commonly the underlying research philosophy in quantitative studies and is oftentimes the assumed philosophy in the physical sciences.

Contrasted with this, interpretivism , which is often the underlying research philosophy in qualitative studies, assumes that the researcher performs a role in observing the world around them and that reality is unique to each observer . In other words, reality is observed subjectively .

These are just two philosophies (there are many more), but they demonstrate significantly different approaches to research and have a significant impact on all the methodological choices. Therefore, it’s vital that you clearly outline and justify your research philosophy at the beginning of your methodology chapter, as it sets the scene for everything that follows.

The next thing you would typically discuss in your methodology section is the research type. The starting point for this is to indicate whether the research you conducted is inductive or deductive .

Inductive research takes a bottom-up approach , where the researcher begins with specific observations or data and then draws general conclusions or theories from those observations. Therefore these studies tend to be exploratory in terms of approach.

Conversely , d eductive research takes a top-down approach , where the researcher starts with a theory or hypothesis and then tests it using specific observations or data. Therefore these studies tend to be confirmatory in approach.

Related to this, you’ll need to indicate whether your study adopts a qualitative, quantitative or mixed  approach. As we’ve mentioned, there’s a strong link between this choice and your research philosophy, so make sure that your choices are tightly aligned . When you write this section up, remember to clearly justify your choices, as they form the foundation of your study.

Methodological Choice #3 – Research Strategy

Next, you’ll need to discuss your research strategy (also referred to as a research design ). This methodological choice refers to the broader strategy in terms of how you’ll conduct your research, based on the aims of your study.

Several research strategies exist, including experimental , case studies , ethnography , grounded theory, action research , and phenomenology . Let’s take a look at two of these, experimental and ethnographic, to see how they contrast.

Experimental research makes use of the scientific method , where one group is the control group (in which no variables are manipulated ) and another is the experimental group (in which a specific variable is manipulated). This type of research is undertaken under strict conditions in a controlled, artificial environment (e.g., a laboratory). By having firm control over the environment, experimental research typically allows the researcher to establish causation between variables. Therefore, it can be a good choice if you have research aims that involve identifying causal relationships.

Ethnographic research , on the other hand, involves observing and capturing the experiences and perceptions of participants in their natural environment (for example, at home or in the office). In other words, in an uncontrolled environment.  Naturally, this means that this research strategy would be far less suitable if your research aims involve identifying causation, but it would be very valuable if you’re looking to explore and examine a group culture, for example.

The next thing you’ll need to detail in your methodology chapter is the time horizon. There are two options here: cross-sectional and longitudinal . In other words, whether the data for your study were all collected at one point in time (cross-sectional) or at multiple points in time (longitudinal).

The choice you make here depends again on your research aims, objectives and research questions. If, for example, you aim to assess how a specific group of people’s perspectives regarding a topic change over time , you’d likely adopt a longitudinal time horizon.

Another important factor to consider is simply whether you have the time necessary to adopt a longitudinal approach (which could involve collecting data over multiple months or even years). Oftentimes, the time pressures of your degree program will force your hand into adopting a cross-sectional time horizon, so keep this in mind.

Methodological Choice #5 – Sampling Strategy

Next, you’ll need to discuss your sampling strategy . There are two main categories of sampling, probability and non-probability sampling.

Probability sampling involves a random (and therefore representative) selection of participants from a population, whereas non-probability sampling entails selecting participants in a non-random  (and therefore non-representative) manner. For example, selecting participants based on ease of access (this is called a convenience sample).

The right sampling approach depends largely on what you’re trying to achieve in your study. Specifically, whether you trying to develop findings that are generalisable to a population or not. Practicalities and resource constraints also play a large role here, as it can oftentimes be challenging to gain access to a truly random sample. In the video below, we explore some of the most common sampling strategies. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSmedyVv-Us Video can't be loaded because JavaScript is disabled: Sampling Methods 101: Probability & Non-Probability Sampling Explained Simply (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSmedyVv-Us) Methodological Choice #6 – Data Collection Method

Next up, you’ll need to explain how you’ll go about collecting the necessary data for your study. Your data collection method (or methods) will depend on the type of data that you plan to collect – in other words, qualitative or quantitative data.

Typically, quantitative research relies on surveys , data generated by lab equipment, analytics software or existing datasets. Qualitative research, on the other hand, often makes use of collection methods such as interviews , focus groups , participant observations, and ethnography.

So, as you can see, there is a tight link between this section and the design choices you outlined in earlier sections. Strong alignment between these sections, as well as your research aims and questions is therefore very important.

Methodological Choice #7 – Data Analysis Methods/Techniques

The final major methodological choice that you need to address is that of analysis techniques . In other words, how you’ll go about analysing your date once you’ve collected it. Here it’s important to be very specific about your analysis methods and/or techniques – don’t leave any room for interpretation. Also, as with all choices in this chapter, you need to justify each choice you make.

With the key methodological choices outlined and justified, the next step is to discuss the limitations of your design. No research methodology is perfect – there will always be trade-offs between the “ideal” methodology and what’s practical and viable, given your constraints. Therefore, this section of your methodology chapter is where you’ll discuss the trade-offs you had to make, and why these were justified given the context.

Methodological limitations can vary greatly from study to study, ranging from common issues such as time and budget constraints to issues of sample or selection bias . For example, you may find that you didn’t manage to draw in enough respondents to achieve the desired sample size (and therefore, statistically significant results), or your sample may be skewed heavily towards a certain demographic, thereby negatively impacting representativeness .

In this section, it’s important to be critical of the shortcomings of your study. There’s no use trying to hide them (your marker will be aware of them regardless). By being critical, you’ll demonstrate to your marker that you have a strong understanding of research theory, so don’t be shy here. At the same time, don’t beat your study to death . State the limitations, why these were justified, how you mitigated their impacts to the best degree possible, and how your study still provides value despite these limitations .

Section 4 – Concluding Summary

Finally, it’s time to wrap up the methodology chapter with a brief concluding summary. In this section, you’ll want to concisely summarise what you’ve presented in the chapter. Here, it can be a good idea to use a figure to summarise the key decisions, especially if your university recommends using a specific model (for example, Saunders’ Research Onion ).

Methodology Chapter Example

Wrapping up.

Also, remember the golden rule of the methodology chapter – justify every choice ! Make sure that you clearly explain the “why” for every “what”, and reference credible methodology textbooks or academic sources to back up your justifications.

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6 popular project management methodologies and what they’re best suited for

You’re a project manager who has just been tasked with managing two very different, yet intertwined projects. It’s up to you to choose the best project management methodology for each project.

One project is with your development team. They need to overhaul your organization’s website to improve the clunky and somewhat confusing user experience—from the moment that a customer lands on the site to after they make a purchase. The development team is super flexible and open to breaking up into smaller teams in order to tackle specific aspects of the website overhaul faster.

The catch with this project? It’s on a time crunch.

The website has to be overhauled before the launch of your second and longer-term project: a large-scale marketing campaign around a new line of products that are launching next quarter.

First of all, you can do this! Breath in, breath out, read on, choose the best project management methodology for each task, and get to work doing what you do best!

How To Choose The Best Project Management Methodology

No two projects are alike.

Some may remind you of a past project (that you absolutely nailed, by the way!) but there’s always a catch, isn’t there? One project may have unlimited budgets, endless resources, and flexible timelines—a walk in the park for you—, while another may have high stakeholder expectations, limited budget, tight timelines, multiple teams, and dozens of dependencies.

Since every project is so different, there are many project management methodologies to choose from that support the various project and team needs. There are so many methodologies, in fact, that new ones may have emerged while you’re reading this!

What Is A Project Management Methodology?

Glad you asked. Methodologies are the systems (or simply, methods) used to do something.

The Project Management Institute defined it as “a system of practices, techniques, procedures, and rules used by those who work in a discipline.”

Choosing the right methodology , as well as project management tools and teams, will set you up for success before your project kicks off. For example, you wouldn’t pick a fast-paced, quick iteration project management methodology for a long-term, large-scale, inflexible, and stakeholder-heavy project. Pair like projects with like systems.

To do that, let’s look at your project factors or considerations, such as constraints and dependents.

What Project Factors Are You Working With?

As mentioned earlier, there are many considerations at play that make each project unique. Some factors to consider what you’re evaluating your project management methodologies include:

• Project budget: How much money is going to be spent on this project? How is it divided up?
• Timeline: When is your project due by?
• Goals: What are the project’s end goals and deliverables? Start there and work backward.
• Values: How do your organizational goals and values apply to this project? Knowing this will help set expectations (and help you hold team members accountable for their commitments ).
• Complexity and Scale: How complex or simple is this project?
• Flexibility: How flexible or rigid is this project and its end goals, timelines, deliverables, and team or stakeholder expectations?
• Project type and industry: Some methodologies work best for certain industries and project types, such as highly creative projects or product development sprints.
• Team: Consider the team size, diversity, flexibility, experience, and individual expertise or strengths and weaknesses, as well as their ability to collaborate and communicate when choosing a methodology.

6 Popular Project Management Methodologies And What They’re Best Suited For

It’s important to learn the similarities and differences of various methodologies available to you. For example, some project management methodologies work best if the end goal is fixed and clear, such as the Waterfall method, whereas others better suit those projects that aren’t, such as Agile and Scrum. Keep your project factors in mind while you read on—and then choose the best method for your team.

Let’s get to the methodologies.

1. Agile: Flexible, Fast, And Short Collaborative Sprint Projects

More than a methodology, agile is a set of principles that would be ideal to follow for your first (hypothetical) project.

Agile is made up of fundamental values that are ideal for small teams to work in short and fast project cycles or sprints without blockers. Blockers include too much documentation, work in progress, meetings, or processes to slow them down. The working team would need to be protected from these blockers so that they can stay focused on the tasks at hand.

Teams who work well together can collaborate on small tasks and adapt and respond to an ever-changing task list. Because agile is an iterative design and build process, teams must be flexible with the outcomes and the path they take to get there.

2. Scrum: Quick And Continuous Development Projects

If agile is a set of principles that teams follow to work quickly and respond adaptively to changes as they arise, then Scrum is a project management methodology and the most popular and simple framework that puts agile principles to use.

Scrum is an ideal methodology for your project with the development team to overhaul the website. It’s ideal for continuous improvement and rolling task lists. Something like improving the customer journey on a website may have a timeline, but will always have room for improvement—especially as customer expectations and the digital space change so quickly.

The goal of Scrum is to develop, build, deliver, and sustain complex products using small collaborative and highly accountable teams and iterative task lists. There are roles, events, and artifacts. Roles include a product owner, development team, and scrum master, while events include sprints, daily scrums, or standup meetings, and artifacts include product and sprint backlogs.

3. Kanban: Visualize Task Progress For Agile Teams

Like Scrum, Kanban is another product management methodology that follows agile principles. Kanban is ideal for projects that are done by small, flexible, and collaborative teams, like Scrum, but there is a highly visual aspect as well.

Tasks are visually displayed in-person on sticky notes or in software such as Trello using columns as they progress. This is called a Kanban board. Tasks move from a backlog through the board’s columns that represent various stages of the process from the backlog, start to finish.

Having a visual representation of backlogged work, work in progress, and completed tasks is a great project management tool for most projects.

This would also be helpful for your second project, in particular, to keep track of tasks’ status as they move throughout the creative process. For example, designing a webpage for the new line of products will have various steps and creative team members involved. Visually seeing how the project is progressing will help you and the team to see how it’s coming along and where blockers are.

4. Lean: Projects That Do More With Less

For those organizations that are looking to transform how they do business, the lean methodology may be one to consider. Lean aims to maximize customer value and minimize waste. This is a great way to put out quality work while increasing efficiencies that minimize unnecessary spending, resources, teams output, or time.

Lean was created in the Japanese manufacturing industry to improve quality control and remove redundancies that may increase the price or value for customers down the line.

Known as the three M’s, Lean methodology defines three types of project waste: muda, mura, and muri.

• Muda is about getting rid of the waste or anything that doesn’t add value.
• Mura streamlines processes, so if one aspect of the project takes too long, for instance, then something further down the task list will have to be completed faster.
• Muri is about removing blockers, such as too many stakeholder meetings.

5. Waterfall: Large-Scale, End-Goal Focused, And Fixed Projects

Tried, tested, and true, the Waterfall methodology has been around since the 1970s. Like a waterfall that cascades downhill, this method is sequential with ordered tasks following one after another as they are completed.

The Waterfall method requires a very solid understanding of the end goal and the necessary steps to get there. As such, it doesn’t leave much room for errors or flexibility. This is great for projects that you’ve done in the past where there is minimal need to adapt on the fly.

This could be something to consider for your large-scale marketing project if you’ve launched new product lines many times in the past and don’t expect any surprises.

With this method, collect and analyze any and all project requirements and deadlines. This requires a lot of up-front work and planning. Then design your approach to meet every stage and their deadline in sequence before reviewing it and putting it into action.

6. Hybrid: Flexible And Fast-Paced Projects With Structured Plans

If agile aims to move fast, adapt quickly, and be flexible, Waterfall is its polar opposite, with fixed deadlines, clear deliverables, and mapped-out categorized project plans.

Hybrid is a methodology that blends the two. Think of it as the best of both worlds. You get the structure and organization of planning milestones out and the flexibility and speed of agile workflows.

It takes the flexible and fast pace of agile principles and blends them with the structured goals and mapped out plans of Waterfall. Take a look at your project requirements, task list, deadlines, and goals. The hybrid methodology uses those as your guidelines, but when it comes to getting the work done, teams should work with some flexibility on rapid iterations.

May The Best Methodology Help You Deliver On Your Projects

There are many more methodologies to name and discuss—and picking the right one for your project can be tricky! In the end, however, it’s all about picking a system that works for you, your project, and your team.

Project management methodologies were created to help you deliver the best possible outcomes based on your project’s circumstances. Take your time to find what works best, try them out, and do a debrief with your team on what worked and what didn’t. If it wasn’t the right methodology for one project, it may be ideal for another—and now you’re armed with that much more knowledge and expertise.

Happy project planning!

Advice, stories, and expertise about work life today.

Project Management Methodologies and Frameworks Every Project Manager Should Know

You might find yourself drowning in information, tools, and processes as a project manager. To stay afloat and thrive, you must choose the right project management methodologies and frameworks that suit your team and project needs.

Many different project management methodologies are available and deciding which one is right for you can be challenging. This article provides an overview of the most popular frameworks to get you started.

What is a Project Management Methodology?

A project management methodology is a set of principles, processes, guidelines, and tools that help to plan, manage, and control a project. The methodology helps to ensure that a project is on schedule, within budget, and that the project goals are met.

A project team or an organization uses a management framework to execute a project. The information generated is usually documented and shared with others. Recording the information is essential as it will help others understand the project requirements and responsibilities.

While most project management methodologies take a standardized approach, some are for specific purposes, i.e., manufacturing or software development.

Project Management Framework vs. Methodology

The terms framework and methodology are often used interchangeably in project management. However, there is a slight yet distinguishable difference between the two approaches.

A framework provides more flexibility and freedom. You can adopt new rules and change or remove existing ones as necessary. As such, a framework provides the structure and direction needed for a project without being too rigid or detailed.

On the other hand, a methodology is a set of principles and processes that guides the management of a project. It is a formal approach that is strictly defined and generally adheres to a strict code complete with steps and rules.

Another way to understand the two approaches is that most of the time, methodologies are for implementing ideas and values, while a framework provides a step-by-step guide to attain that idea or manage that project.

Project Life Cycle Processes

A project management framework includes the whole project management life cycle, which will guide you from the beginning to the end. In a project management life cycle , there are five steps:

• Initiation : The beginning stage of the project, where the main focus is to narrow down the required key components to kickstart the project. Teams get together to research, brainstorm and conduct analysis and stakeholder mapping/interviews to gather information.
• Planning : Here, the teams and members working on the project are identified along with activities, milestones, risks, management structure, and success benchmarks.
• Execution : During this stage, the project kickstarts and is implemented.
• Management/Monitoring : At each milestone, the progress will be monitored, documented, and reported. Key progress and outputs will be shared with stakeholders as well.
• Review/Closing : This stage marks the end of the project. Project leaders and team members will review and analyze how the project progressed and setbacks to identify future improvements. Updates or replacements will be scheduled if necessary before wrapping up.

5 Key Project Management Methodologies and Frameworks

1. waterfall framework.

The Waterfall Framework is a linear approach that first gathers stakeholder and customer requirements before creating a sequential project plan to address the identified requirements. Consisting of five main stages, each stage is completed before progressing to the next–similar to a cascading waterfall.

The main stages of the waterfall framework are:

• Requirements : needs and requirements of the business/project are identified, analyzed, and documented.
• Design : possible solutions are explored before a detailed plan is made to achieve the goals.
• Implementation : the project plan and activities are set in motion along with progress measurements.
• Verification/Control : the product is reviewed, and the project plan is compared with the performance to address issues.
• Maintenance/Closure : the end result is shared with clients for feedback and final fixes. Approval is obtained before the project is closed.
• As project and client requirements are identified and agreed in the very first stage, it sets clear client expectations that are easier to plan.
• Extensive documentation ensures that each activity and task is well documented and that no knowledge is lost.
• The project schedule is laid out at the beginning stages. As such, project costs, deadlines, and other resources can be estimated accurately.
• Easier to measure and understand as you progress through each milestone one after the other.

Disadvantages

• Identifying all client/customer requirements at the very beginning is difficult.
• Changes to the product at the end stages are costly and difficult if the customer is unsatisfied.
• Lack of flexibility due to the linear nature of the framework, which provides minimal room for change and adaptation in case of unexpected events.

2. Lean Methodology

Lean methodology originated in the 1950s in Toyota and currently focuses on eliminating waste, maximizing value, and improving efficiencies. Many organizations have opted to adopt the Lean Framework as it can be applied to any business, regardless of size, to achieve objectives in a sustainable manner.

The two main guiding concepts in Lean are respect for people and continuous improvement. Accordingly, necessary training and tools are provided, constant improvement is encouraged, and management takes on a more active role in understanding and meeting the needs of employees to initiate better work performance.

Besides the above two concepts, lean has five core principles that support the methodology:

• Value : customer defines the value of the product offered.
• Value stream : a clear and in-depth understanding of the product’s life cycle from research to development. Each step of the value chain is analyzed to identify waste areas and improvements.
• Flow : every process should be in sync with one another, and the value stream should flow seamlessly.
• Pull : ensures that products are made only when required, leading to shorter delivery cycles and increased flexibility.
• Perfection : always strive for perfection by uncovering quality or waste issues and applying strict measures to address inefficiencies.
• The quality of products is high due to the constant attention to value.
• Reduced costs and increased profits as Lean focuses on providing value and minimizing waste.
• Improved customer relations as the focus is to deliver what the customer requires.
• Regular communications among employees, stakeholders and management pave the way for better decision-making.
• Emphasis on constant improvement leads to continuous learning opportunities.
• Organizations may focus too much on Lean principles that they lose sight of the bigger picture leading to a lack of strategy.
• If there are bottlenecks or resource issues, delivery can be delayed leading to unsatisfied customers.

3. Agile Methodology

Agile is often used in the software industry, though it has spilled into others recently due to its adaptability. It is an iterative approach that promotes collaboration among team members, emphasizing adaptive planning and early delivery of functional products. In an Agile project, development work is carried out in short-term periods called sprints, and the management focuses on continuous improvement throughout the project’s life cycle.

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Popular frameowkrs such as Scrum and Kanban stem from Agile, which acts as an umbrella term that encompasses several different frameworks. To learn more about Scrum and Kanban, check out The Ultimate Beginner’s Guide to Scrum and How to Better Manage Your Projects with Kanban Boards .

The Agile Manifesto highlights four core principles that are the building blocks of any agile approach. They are:

• Individuals and interactions over processes and tools
• Working software over comprehensive documentation
• Customer collaboration over contract negotiation
• Responding to change over following a plan
• Agile promotes smaller teams, making it easier to keep up the pace and quickly adapt to necessary changes, leading to faster response times and ample flexibility.
• Faster turnaround times due to the ability to quickly detect and provide solutions to issues.
• Low wastage and costs as tasks are always up-to-date with constant feedback and follow-ups, allowing developers to experiment and test ideas.
• Agile is practiced by many and has a considerable following. Therefore, you can always reach out for help and share knowledge with others if you run into trouble.
• Difficult to measure the progress as it is estimated across several cycles, which may take time.
• Documentation is not given prominence, leading to misunderstandings and difficulty for newer members to be up-to-date.
• At times, there is no clear end date; therefore, the overall project may seem to go on forever. This can also lead to scope changes beyond what was initially agreed (scope creep).
• Due to the short cycle times, the design thinking process may be stinted, leading to a lack of cohesion and fragmentation.
• Teams may tend to avoid key features that may take too long to deliver.
• The need for constant communication can take a toll on team members who have to spend extra energy and time.

4. Critical Chain Project Management Framework

Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) is a project management framework that helps the planning and managing of projects by monitoring the resources required to execute the project tasks. The framework helps project managers to deliver projects in a cost-effective and timely manner.

Buffers are safety margins that ensure all tasks are completed within schedule. CCPM identifies strategic points in the project and inserts buffers to ensure that project milestones are met on time, regardless of constraints or uncertainties. There are several types of buffers used in CCPM.

• Project buffers : this is positioned between the completion date of the project and the last task allowing team members to catch up on any outstanding tasks or delays.
• Feeding buffers : this is positioned between the non-critical chain and the critical chain to prevent delays.
• Resource buffers : resources that are kept aside in case of extra support in terms of resources are required.
• Team members tend to be more efficient and pace themselves rather than working more as the deadline approaches.
• Work is scheduled around resource availability, thereby optimizing resource utilization.
• The insertion of various buffers to address issues on time.
• The minimum time required to finish the project is taken into consideration.
• Major planning packages do not often support the framework.
• If the team does not understand the endpoint, many losses and setbacks could occur.

5. PRINCE2 Framework

PRINCE stands for “Projects In Controlled Environments” and is a process-based framework focused on organization and control. The framework started as PRINCE with a particular focus on the IT industry before expanding into others.

PRINCE2 details what each step of the project should look like, deliverables, roles, and responsibilities, and also structure each stage of the project with no loose ends at the point of completion.

• PRINCE2 is a good beginner framework to start project management as it has a defined process with clear steps.
• Due to the detailed and step-by-step guide provided, PRINCE2 is relatively easy to understand and follow. Furthermore, the ability to divide the project into manageable stages is helpful in managing the project.
• PRINCE2 is flexible in nature and can be easily adapted to suit different projects.
• Roles and responsibilities are clearly defined, which improves accountability.
• Lessons learned can be tracked and updated for future reference and improvements.
• PRINCE2 is not ideal for projects in fast-changing environments (i.e., technology-driven) due to the extensive documentation required.
• Requires the buy-in of the senior management for success.
• Requires experience to be managed and delivered successfully.

Key Steps to Follow when Selecting a Methodology or Framework

1. assess the project in terms of size and scope.

Size and scope play a significant role when selecting a suitable project methodology or framework. Some projects may be small, requiring a team of no more than 3-4 people and a short period. In contrast, others would be large, with multiple teams working together for several years.

Larger projects with several cross-functional teams and extended time frames would benefit from adaptive project management frameworks such as agile. In comparison, smaller projects that are less complex would do well with methodologies such as waterfall.

2. Look into the available project management methodologies and frameworks

Once the project scope and size are determined, look into the available methodologies and frameworks. Compare notes, and weigh the pros and cons as to which one would suit your requirements the best while minimizing risks.

3. Obtaining the acceptance and buy-in of your team

Reach out to your team to see their reaction and input. Make sure you listen to their viewpoints and present your side accordingly to obtain their buy-in. Otherwise, conflicts and challenges may hinder the project’s smooth progress.

4. Confirm the selection

Before starting the project, re-confirm the feasibility of your selection by comparing and assessing the success rate of projects delivered using the same framework.

5. Obtain feedback and conduct self-assessments

As the project progresses, ask for feedback from your colleagues regarding the processes followed. Furthermore, make sure to conduct self-assessments to see if the methodology or framework is proceeding according to your expectations and whether it allows you to manage your team successfully.

Tools and Techniques for Project Management Methodologies and Frameworks

There are several tools and techniques relevant to project management methodologies and frameworks. While some specific tools and techniques are similar across multiple frameworks, there are some that may differ. Below are a few commonly used tools and techniques.

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

Work breakdown structure Software can be used to break down the larger deliverables of your project into manageable smaller tasks. This is a productivity technique that uses a step-by-step approach to project management.

Gantt Chart

Gantt chart maker is ideal for tracking tasks' start and end dates and milestones. It helps teams to plan their work and jobs to meet deadlines and allocate resources accordingly.

SWOT Analysis

SWOT stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. For each project, the SWOT identifies the internal (Strengths and Weaknesses) and external (Opportunities and Threats) drivers affecting your ability to meet the goal. For example, suppose your organization is well known for its expertise in customer service. In that case, improving customer service will be a competitive advantage and a meaningful driver for meeting your goals.

RACI Matrix

RACI stands for responsible, accountable, consulted, and informed. RACI matrix template is used to describe the roles and responsibilities of team members in a project.

Stakeholder Map

The stakeholder map is a tool to help you understand who your stakeholders are and their needs. Using this tool, you can map stakeholders according to their importance and potential impact on the project.

Decision Tree

A decision tree is used for effective decision-making and predicting potential outcomes when multiple courses of action exist. It allows the team to explore options and outcomes to understand the risks and rewards associated with each possible course of action. Use decision tree diagram maker to create effective decision trees faster.

Creately for Project Management

Creately has many tools to make your journey effortless and successful regardless of the type of project methodology or framework you decide to follow.

• Powerful documentation capabilities include doc blocks and attachments and image attachments to create reports and presentations.
• Built-in project management tools including Kanban boards, timelines, multi-role workflows, visual prioritization tools to enable any kind of workflow.
• Whiteboard and freehand drawing capabilities to brainstorm and discuss with colleagues and peers.
• Multiple templates and shapes to prepare project plans and schedules, Gantt charts, roadmaps, and other formats necessary for project management documentation and tracking.
• Multiple access and role levels to manage, share, edit and review, along with multiplayer editing capabilities to collaborate in real-time.
• Comment on anything, with context. Full comment threads and discussions for async collaboration.
• Data, note, and task panels to house information, assign roles and responsibilities, feed in information, and track the progress of activities.
• Integration with other platforms with 2-way syncing to manage data efficiently.
• Spotlight and presentation mode to conduct interactive and dynamic presentations right on the canvas.

Start your project management journey with Creately today!

Join over thousands of organizations that use Creately to brainstorm, plan, analyze, and execute their projects successfully.

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Amanda Athuraliya is the communication specialist/content writer at Creately, online diagramming and collaboration tool. She is an avid reader, a budding writer and a passionate researcher who loves to write about all kinds of topics.

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• What Is a Research Methodology? | Steps & Tips

What Is a Research Methodology? | Steps & Tips

Published on August 25, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on September 5, 2024.

Your research methodology discusses and explains the data collection and analysis methods you used in your research. A key part of your thesis, dissertation , or research paper , the methodology chapter explains what you did and how you did it, allowing readers to evaluate the reliability and validity of your research and your dissertation topic .

It should include:

• The type of research you conducted
• How you collected and analyzed your data
• Any tools or materials you used in the research
• How you mitigated or avoided research biases
• Why you chose these methods
• Your methodology section should generally be written in the past tense . Our grammar checker can help ensure consistency in your writing.
• Academic style guides in your field may provide detailed guidelines on what to include for different types of studies.
• Your citation style might provide guidelines for your methodology section (e.g., an APA Style methods section ).

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Table of contents

How to write a research methodology, why is a methods section important, step 1: explain your methodological approach, step 2: describe your data collection methods, step 3: describe your analysis method, step 4: evaluate and justify the methodological choices you made, tips for writing a strong methodology chapter, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about methodology.

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Your methods section is your opportunity to share how you conducted your research and why you chose the methods you chose. It’s also the place to show that your research was rigorously conducted and can be replicated .

It gives your research legitimacy and situates it within your field, and also gives your readers a place to refer to if they have any questions or critiques in other sections.

You can start by introducing your overall approach to your research. You have two options here.

Option 1: Start with your “what”

What research problem or question did you investigate?

• Aim to describe the characteristics of something?
• Explore an under-researched topic?
• Establish a causal relationship?

And what type of data did you need to achieve this aim?

• Quantitative data , qualitative data , or a mix of both?
• Primary data collected yourself, or secondary data collected by someone else?
• Experimental data gathered by controlling and manipulating variables, or descriptive data gathered via observations?

Option 2: Start with your “why”

Depending on your discipline, you can also start with a discussion of the rationale and assumptions underpinning your methodology. In other words, why did you choose these methods for your study?

• Why is this the best way to answer your research question?
• Is this a standard methodology in your field, or does it require justification?
• Were there any ethical considerations involved in your choices?
• What are the criteria for validity and reliability in this type of research ? How did you prevent bias from affecting your data?

Once you have introduced your reader to your methodological approach, you should share full details about your data collection methods .

Quantitative methods

In order to be considered generalizable, you should describe quantitative research methods in enough detail for another researcher to replicate your study.

Here, explain how you operationalized your concepts and measured your variables. Discuss your sampling method or inclusion and exclusion criteria , as well as any tools, procedures, and materials you used to gather your data.

Surveys Describe where, when, and how the survey was conducted.

• How did you design the questionnaire?
• What form did your questions take (e.g., multiple choice, Likert scale )?
• Were your surveys conducted in-person or virtually?
• What sampling method did you use to select participants?
• What was your sample size and response rate?

Experiments Share full details of the tools, techniques, and procedures you used to conduct your experiment.

• How did you design the experiment ?
• How did you recruit participants?
• How did you manipulate and measure the variables ?
• What tools did you use?

Existing data Explain how you gathered and selected the material (such as datasets or archival data) that you used in your analysis.

• Where did you source the material?
• How was the data originally produced?
• What criteria did you use to select material (e.g., date range)?

The survey consisted of 5 multiple-choice questions and 10 questions measured on a 7-point Likert scale.

The goal was to collect survey responses from 350 customers visiting the fitness apparel company’s brick-and-mortar location in Boston on July 4–8, 2022, between 11:00 and 15:00.

Here, a customer was defined as a person who had purchased a product from the company on the day they took the survey. Participants were given 5 minutes to fill in the survey anonymously. In total, 408 customers responded, but not all surveys were fully completed. Due to this, 371 survey results were included in the analysis.

• Information bias
• Omitted variable bias
• Regression to the mean
• Survivorship bias
• Undercoverage bias
• Sampling bias

Qualitative methods

In qualitative research , methods are often more flexible and subjective. For this reason, it’s crucial to robustly explain the methodology choices you made.

Be sure to discuss the criteria you used to select your data, the context in which your research was conducted, and the role you played in collecting your data (e.g., were you an active participant, or a passive observer?)

Interviews or focus groups Describe where, when, and how the interviews were conducted.

• How did you find and select participants?
• How many participants took part?
• What form did the interviews take ( structured , semi-structured , or unstructured )?
• How long were the interviews?
• How were they recorded?

Participant observation Describe where, when, and how you conducted the observation or ethnography .

• What group or community did you observe? How long did you spend there?
• How did you gain access to this group? What role did you play in the community?
• How long did you spend conducting the research? Where was it located?
• How did you record your data (e.g., audiovisual recordings, note-taking)?

Existing data Explain how you selected case study materials for your analysis.

• What type of materials did you analyze?
• How did you select them?

In order to gain better insight into possibilities for future improvement of the fitness store’s product range, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 returning customers.

Here, a returning customer was defined as someone who usually bought products at least twice a week from the store.

Surveys were used to select participants. Interviews were conducted in a small office next to the cash register and lasted approximately 20 minutes each. Answers were recorded by note-taking, and seven interviews were also filmed with consent. One interviewee preferred not to be filmed.

• The Hawthorne effect
• Observer bias
• The placebo effect
• Response bias and Nonresponse bias
• The Pygmalion effect
• Recall bias
• Social desirability bias
• Self-selection bias

Mixed methods

Mixed methods research combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. If a standalone quantitative or qualitative study is insufficient to answer your research question, mixed methods may be a good fit for you.

Mixed methods are less common than standalone analyses, largely because they require a great deal of effort to pull off successfully. If you choose to pursue mixed methods, it’s especially important to robustly justify your methods.

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Next, you should indicate how you processed and analyzed your data. Avoid going into too much detail: you should not start introducing or discussing any of your results at this stage.

In quantitative research , your analysis will be based on numbers. In your methods section, you can include:

• How you prepared the data before analyzing it (e.g., checking for missing data , removing outliers , transforming variables)
• Which software you used (e.g., SPSS, Stata or R)
• Which statistical tests you used (e.g., two-tailed t test , simple linear regression )

In qualitative research, your analysis will be based on language, images, and observations (often involving some form of textual analysis ).

Specific methods might include:

• Content analysis : Categorizing and discussing the meaning of words, phrases and sentences
• Thematic analysis : Coding and closely examining the data to identify broad themes and patterns
• Discourse analysis : Studying communication and meaning in relation to their social context

Mixed methods combine the above two research methods, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches into one coherent analytical process.

Above all, your methodology section should clearly make the case for why you chose the methods you did. This is especially true if you did not take the most standard approach to your topic. In this case, discuss why other methods were not suitable for your objectives, and show how this approach contributes new knowledge or understanding.

In any case, it should be overwhelmingly clear to your reader that you set yourself up for success in terms of your methodology’s design. Show how your methods should lead to results that are valid and reliable, while leaving the analysis of the meaning, importance, and relevance of your results for your discussion section .

• Quantitative: Lab-based experiments cannot always accurately simulate real-life situations and behaviors, but they are effective for testing causal relationships between variables .
• Qualitative: Unstructured interviews usually produce results that cannot be generalized beyond the sample group , but they provide a more in-depth understanding of participants’ perceptions, motivations, and emotions.
• Mixed methods: Despite issues systematically comparing differing types of data, a solely quantitative study would not sufficiently incorporate the lived experience of each participant, while a solely qualitative study would be insufficiently generalizable.

Remember that your aim is not just to describe your methods, but to show how and why you applied them. Again, it’s critical to demonstrate that your research was rigorously conducted and can be replicated.

1. Focus on your objectives and research questions

The methodology section should clearly show why your methods suit your objectives and convince the reader that you chose the best possible approach to answering your problem statement and research questions .

2. Cite relevant sources

Your methodology can be strengthened by referencing existing research in your field. This can help you to:

• Show that you followed established practice for your type of research
• Discuss how you decided on your approach by evaluating existing research
• Present a novel methodological approach to address a gap in the literature

3. Write for your audience

Consider how much information you need to give, and avoid getting too lengthy. If you are using methods that are standard for your discipline, you probably don’t need to give a lot of background or justification.

Regardless, your methodology should be a clear, well-structured text that makes an argument for your approach, not just a list of technical details and procedures.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Measures of central tendency
• Chi square tests
• Confidence interval
• Quartiles & Quantiles

Methodology

• Cluster sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Thematic analysis
• Cohort study
• Peer review
• Ethnography

Research bias

• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Conformity bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Availability heuristic
• Attrition bias

Methodology refers to the overarching strategy and rationale of your research project . It involves studying the methods used in your field and the theories or principles behind them, in order to develop an approach that matches your objectives.

Methods are the specific tools and procedures you use to collect and analyze data (for example, experiments, surveys , and statistical tests ).

In shorter scientific papers, where the aim is to report the findings of a specific study, you might simply describe what you did in a methods section .

In a longer or more complex research project, such as a thesis or dissertation , you will probably include a methodology section , where you explain your approach to answering the research questions and cite relevant sources to support your choice of methods.

In a scientific paper, the methodology always comes after the introduction and before the results , discussion and conclusion . The same basic structure also applies to a thesis, dissertation , or research proposal .

Depending on the length and type of document, you might also include a literature review or theoretical framework before the methodology.

Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.

Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure variables and test hypotheses . Qualitative methods allow you to explore concepts and experiences in more detail.

Reliability and validity are both about how well a method measures something:

• Reliability refers to the  consistency of a measure (whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions).
• Validity   refers to the  accuracy of a measure (whether the results really do represent what they are supposed to measure).

If you are doing experimental research, you also have to consider the internal and external validity of your experiment.

A sample is a subset of individuals from a larger population . Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your research. For example, if you are researching the opinions of students in your university, you could survey a sample of 100 students.

In statistics, sampling allows you to test a hypothesis about the characteristics of a population.

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9 Project Management Methodologies Made Simple

I’m Ben Aston, a digital project manager and founder of thedpm.com. I've been in the industry for more than 20 years working in the UK at London’s top digital agencies including Dare, Wunderman, Lowe and DDB. I’ve delivered everything from film to CMS', games to advertising and eCRM to eCommerce sites. I’ve been fortunate enough to work across a wide range of great clients; automotive brands including Land Rover, Volkswagen and Honda; Utility brands including BT, British Gas and Exxon, FMCG brands such as Unilever, and consumer electronics brands including Sony. I'm a Certified Scrum Master, PRINCE2 Practitioner and productivity nut!

Learn about the most popular project management methodologies (and some handy lesser-known options) and when and how to use them to achieve project success.

When it comes to project management methodologies, there are just as many (if not more) opinions about them as there are actual methodologies—which is a lot.

Forward-thinking project managers and leaders don’t adhere to a single methodology. They become well-versed in many of them, and learn how to mesh together various practices in order to accommodate whatever the project calls for.

What Are Project Management Methodologies?

Project management methodologies are frameworks that outline the way work is completed throughout a project by providing procedures, rules, and practices.

A methodology does not have to be a complete full-stack implementation “system” to be considered a methodology.

• Some project management methodologies simply define principles , like agile.
• Others define a “full-stack” methodology framework of themes, principles, and processes , such as PRINCE2.
• Some are an extensive list of standards with some processes , like the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK).
• Others, like the Scrum methodology, simply define processes .

While simplistic, this definition is more realistic, as project managers use a hodgepodge of principles, themes, and processes tailored for our clients and projects. It also important to consider how project management software lends itself to project methodologies.

The 9 Most Popular Project Management Methodologies

In this section, I’ve described some of the most popular project management methodologies.

• eXtreme Programming (XP)
• PMI's PMBOK

Effective project management strategies ensure you select the most appropriate methodology for smooth project execution.

1. Agile: A Flexible, Iterative Process

The truth is, agile project management isn’t a methodology, but a set of principles for developing software. Once you’re on board with these agile principles (outlined in the agile manifesto), you still need to define the processes you’ll follow.

These tend to be flexible, iterative design and build processes where tasks are executed and adapted as the situation demands, rather than through a pre-planned process (as opposed to waterfall , which conducts planning up front).

Teams can respond to unpredictability through incremental, iterative work processes, and focus on being adaptable and providing adequate and ongoing communication. Agile methods are most useful in dynamic environments, such as software delivery and game development. There are plenty of agile tools that are lend themselves well to agile approaches.

2. Scrum: Quick Delivery Via A Small Team

Scrum is a popular and simple framework for putting the principles of agile into practice. Scrum is more of a lightweight structure for developing and maintaining complex projects than a true methodology.

Scrum defines a simple set of roles (including the Scrum master role), meetings called Scrum events , and tools to iteratively and incrementally deliver valuable, shippable functionality. Work is divided into “sprints”, a development cycle of 2-4 weeks, during which the team works on items in the backlog (a collection of user stories or requirements, prioritized by the product owner).

Scrum was originally designed for software development and doesn’t fit neatly into the agency world. Instead, many agencies take some Scrum concepts—such as daily stand-ups , progress demos, and sprint retrospectives —and apply them in some kind of hybrid approach, typically using Scrum tools to keep track of project progress and deliverables.

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3. Kanban: Increased Visibility of WIP and Limiting Multitasking

Kanban is a project management methodology focused on increasing efficiency and releasing early and often with a collaborative and self-managing team. Compared to Scrum , it's less prescriptive.

The Kanban methodology, which was developed by Toyota, is light on process, flexible, and doesn’t have prescribed roles. It improves throughput by visualizing the workflow in real-time, limiting work in progress, making process explicit, and continually evaluating improvement. When deploying Kanban, project managers represent the team’s workflow on a Kanban board (this can be sticky notes on a whiteboard or digital cards using Kanban software ).

Kanban is well-suited to work that requires steady output but where priorities can change, like production, support, or maintenance. Within the world of agencies, it’s more accommodating to changes, and clients like to change their minds constantly. If Scrum seems too rigid an approach, but you want to “do agile,” Kanban is a simpler alternative.

4. Scrumban: Limits WIP and Adds Additional Structure & Processes

Scrumban is a relatively new hybrid project management methodology that combines Scrum and Kanban approaches to project management. It takes the flexibility of Kanban and adds some of the structure of Scrum to create a new way to manage projects.

Rather than working in potentially restrictive, timeboxed sprints, Scrumban uses a planning-on-demand principle to fill the backlog. Like Kanban, the team pulls in and assigns tasks as they can accommodate them, limiting work in progress. The development team thus stays focused on the task at hand rather than worrying about what they committed to deliver in the sprint.

Unlike Kanban, Scrumban retains the daily Scrum, but it holds reviews and retrospectives only when needed. The team also conducts planning on an as-needed basis rather. Scrumban is useful in product development where there is an unclear vision and evolving requirements or no clear roadmap. It is also useful when a process includes support and maintenance work.

5. Lean: Delivering More with Less

The lean methodology is focused on doing more with less. It identifies value and then maximizes it through continuous improvement and eliminating waste, which comes in the form of three dysfunctions.

• Muda is about eradicating waste : removing anything that’s not ultimately adding value to the customer.
• Mura is about eliminating variations : removing the overhead that variances to the standard process create.
• Muri is about removing overload : a team’s optimal capacity is 60-70%. Any more than that, and everything slows down.

Lean project management is about optimizing the flow of projects across technologies, assets, and departments to customers. Lean can be a helpful mindset to adopt when reviewing your project delivery process. Think about how you can pare back your development process to the essentials that deliver value and cut out fluff and tradition for its own sake.

6. eXtreme Programming: Develop Robustly to Ensure Software Quality

eXtreme programming (XP) defines values and processes to improve software quality and ensures responsiveness to evolving customer requirements. XP values are similar to Scrum and revolve around simplicity, communication, feedback, respect, and courage.

Where XP deviates from Scrum is in defining rules, or prescriptive processes, specific to development projects. These rules include user stories, test-driven development, pair programming, and continuous integration, among many others.

7. Waterfall: Predictability for Budget, Timeline, and Scope

The waterfall methodology , also referred to as the software development life cycle (SDLC), is a simple sequential approach that values solid planning to do it once and do it right. The team extensively plans the work upfront and then executes it, in strict sequence, adhering to requirements, to deliver the project in a single (and usually long) cycle.

The project team fully defines the requirements before any work starts. After the project sponsor approves the project plan , there’s little room to adjust unless absolutely necessary, and changes usually require change requests. Work then cascades, through the subsequent project phases, with no overlap.

There’s little scope to reflect, revise, and adapt once you’ve done something, but the waterfall method can be a useful and predictable approach if requirements are fixed, well documented and clear, the technology is understood and mature, and the project is short. A waterfall approach can offer a more predictable end result for budget, timeline, and scope.

8. PRINCE2: Clearly Defined Processes for Large-scale Projects

PRINCE2 is a process-oriented methodology that divides projects into multiple stages, each with their own plans and processes to follow. The methodology defines inputs and outputs for every stage of a project, so that nothing is left to chance. The acronym PRINCE2 stands for PR ojects IN C ontrolled E nvironments.

PRINCE2 is incredibly thorough—it’s great for running large, predictable, enterprise projects (more on enterprise project management methodologies here ). It clarifies what will be delivered, emphasizes project viability, defines roles and responsibilities, and endorses management by exception.

Although PRINCE2 is probably too complex to use in an agency setting (it was developed for IT projects), its emphasis on developing a good business case, defining clear roles and responsibilities, and managing change and risk are helpful considerations to apply to our own projects.

9. PMI’s PMBOK: Apply Best Practices to Optimize your Projects

The Project Management Institute’s PMBOK is not a true methodology but rather a framework of project management standards, conventions, processes, best practices, terminologies, and guidelines.

PMBOK refers to five process groups of project management (also known as the project life cycle ): initiating, planning, executing, monitoring and controlling, and closing. It also describes 49 process management processes that it organizes into 10 knowledge areas .

Its best practices are useful as a foundation, but to implement it as a methodology, you need to determine which processes you’ll apply, when, by whom, and to what extent. You also have to factor in your organization’s structure, governance, and workflows to adapt it to your specific circumstances. PMBOK doesn’t fly in an agency, but you can pick and choose from its standards to apply to your projects.

3 Most Commonly Used Methodologies

At agencies, the 3 most common methodologies you'll find used are usually agile, Scrum, and Kanban (or some hybrid methodology that incorporates elements of different project methodologies).

If you're working in a more rigid industry or governmental organization, you might find that traditional waterfall, PRINCE2, or PMBOK are used more often, although hybrids can be found here too.

How to Choose the Right Project Management Methodology

Choosing the right methodology is important because it defines how we work. It provides the structures that guide us toward project success or failure. Here are a few factors to consider when deciding which project management method to use in your project:

1. Degree of Project Complexity

This includes the project itself, the client, available resources and other project constraints (including the appetite for change and risk), timeline, project management tools, and people. List these factors and label them according to their simplicity or complexity.

2. Rigidity or Flexibility of your Work Environment

If you’re working in a dynamic environment where there’s an appetite for evolution and change, an agile methodology can work well for you. If you’re working within fixed requirements, timelines, and budgets, you might be better off with a waterfall approach or other traditional approach. 

3. What Delivers the Most Value

Ask yourself what delivers the most value to the client (or the stakeholder, or the end-user). For example, if clients tend to make ongoing requests and expect constant updates and changes, then an iterative methodology with short cycles will provide more value.

4. Alignment with Organizational Goals

Use the project goals or project objectives you’ve already created as a team or organization to guide your selection of a project methodology. Clearly, your methods should be a means to achieve your goals—the best method is the one that guides you towards your strategic objectives most directly with the greatest gains and least negative impact.

5. Alignment with Organizational and Team Values

Do a deep dive into your values. Team members are responsible for implementing the methodology you choose—don’t forget these team members are people with habits, opinions, and values. Use the ways your stakeholders think, relate, and work to build out a methodology that’s a natural fit.

Other Project Management Methodologies

The list of project management methodologies above is by no means an exhaustive list—these are simply the most common methodologies in the agency PM world. Additional project management approaches include:

• Adaptive project framework methodology is used when project scope is variable, but time and cost are constant, making it possible to adjust the project scope during execution to maximize business value.
• Lean Six Sigma was developed by Motorola and uses statistical tools to identify the cause of errors, eliminate defects, and reduce the possibility of future errors. Examples of Six Sigma statistical tools include cause and effect analysis, flow charts, histograms, and scatter plots.
• Critical path method (CPM) is a technique for modeling and scheduling project activities. Determine the activities needed to complete a project, the time that each will take, and dependencies. Calculate the longest and shortest paths to completion to determine which activities can be delayed without affecting your milestones and which activities can’t.
• Critical chain project management (CCPM) differs from CPM in that CCPM considers resource availability when calculating the duration of project activities. The critical chain methodology dedicates resources 100% to a project. If a task finishes early, you can proceed to the next task without bottlenecks.
• Program evaluation review technique (PERT) is a method for modeling, scheduling, and coordinating tasks within a project. In PERT, project activities are represented as nodes on a network diagram, with their durations listed on the lines connecting the activities. Read a comparison of PERT and CPM here .

What’s Next?

Get help using these methodologies optimally (and learn the fundamentals of project management!) with relevant, practical, expert-led training. Our online digital project management course provides expert instruction so you can lead happy teams and deliver high-value projects in the digital world.

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Project Management

Top 18 project management methodologies.

Erica Golightly

Senior Writer

February 7, 2022

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Have you considered how a project management methodology can help you and your team achieve long-term success?

If you’re thinking, “I don’t work in industries like technology or construction, so this doesn’t apply to us,” think back to the last project you worked on. Did the team feel motivated? Productive from start to finish? Or did every day feel like this? ⬇️

We understand. As a project manager , it’s hard to deliver projects with often unclear direction from clients and stakeholders, let alone manage the process in between.

Project management methods establish a system of principles, standard processes, and control to manage multifaceted projects that come in all shapes and requirements— across all industries.

By the end of this article, you’ll learn:

• How to optimize the five phases of a project lifecycle
• The top 18 project management methodologies used across wide geographies
• Recommended features in ClickUp for specific project management methodologies

We invite you to ditch the messy, complicated, and inflexible processes for proven methodologies to leverage project management tools and various techniques for success. ⚙️⚖️🚀

The 5 Phases of a Project Lifecycle

Adaptive project framework (apf).

• Agifall/Hybrid
• Critical Path Method
• eXtreme Programming (XP)

Get Things Done (GTD)

• Integrated Project Management (IPM)
• New Product Introduction (NPI)
• Outcome Mapping
• Package Enabled Reengineering (PER)

Project Management Institute’s Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMI’s PMBOK)

Projects in controlled environments (prince2), rational unified process (rup), 100+ powerful tools in clickup for any project type.

Whether you’re a new or seasoned project manager, let’s refresh our minds on the five fundamental project lifecycle phases you need to know to run successful projects. This will help you in your decision to choose the right project management methodology.

👾 Phase 1: Initiation

A project always begins with a conversation. When you come out of the first meeting with a client or stakeholder , you should fully understand the project purpose, SMART (specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound) goals, communication expectations, and budget.

👾 Phase 2: Planning

The planning phase goes more in-depth than determining the project scope and schedule (which is only the beginning). If you’re using a timeline or Gantt chart tool, it’s critical also to disclose these key project details in a project charter :

• Estimates and cost for people and software resources
• Potential risks, assumptions, and blockers
• Dependencies
• Project teams (roles and workflows)
• Change process requirements
• Success criteria
• Did we mention dependencies?

👾 Phase 3: Execution

Dependencies are an absolute necessity for controlled project execution . If you’re a coffee person and you skip your morning cup and head straight to work, chances are, you make your day a little more difficult than it should be.

As you’re on the path to assigning individual tasks, have an open discussion with the project team about what can or can’t be started until a specific task is completed. You’ll save time and money with transparency and set everyone up for success from start to finish.

👾 Phase 4: Monitoring

Data is your north star metric to manage people, resources, budgets , and risks during the execution phase. Make sure you’re using a powerful productivity tool like ClickUp to know what project contributors are working on and what they need to do next.

Even more, track project goals and communicate with stakeholders and clients within ClickUp.

👾 Phase 5: Closing

After you turn in the final deliverables and wrap up loose ends, it’s advantageous to assess the performance of team members and resources. This reflection period will help improve the next project.

Have all deliverables been completed, validated, and archived?

Were issues and risks effectively managed?

Which processes were easy/challenging, and what would they change?

Relate: Project Management Examples !

Welcome to your pocket encyclopedia of the top 18 project management methodologies! 📘

A nod to agile project management methodology, the adaptive project framework is an iterative approach to satisfy a project’s goals and outcomes. Meaning, a project’s plan is broken into short iterations (or cycles) of tasks. This helps structure task dependencies and establishes clear deadlines.

The five steps in the adaptive project framework are:

• Project Scope : document the project plan with a project charter (download ClickUp’s Project Charter Template )
• Cycle Plan: define each task with all dependencies
• Cycle Completion : after one cycle completes, another begins
• Control Point : the client or stakeholder meets with the team to assess the quality and potential room for improvements in the next cycle
• Final Report : determines if results were achieved and successful

🟢 Adaptive Project Framework Pros

• Less time is spent on the first phase (defining project scope)
• Client and stakeholder satisfaction increases because of their involvement
• Teams create the most value with learnings in short cycles

🟡 Adaptive Project Framework Cons

• The project scope will potentially change throughout the lifecycle, reverting from a client or stakeholder’s original vision
• Too much flexibility for teams accustomed to fixed schedules
• Limited control over business processes

The hybrid model is the best of both Agile and Waterfall methods . Commonly used in product development companies, the planning phase uses waterfall method techniques but applies agile practices during execution .

🟢 Agifall/Hybrid Pros

• Continous collaboration and communication amongst different teams within a project
• A gateway to a complete transition into Agile methodology
• Using the best techniques of both methods to create a custom approach

🟡 Agifall/Hybrid Cons

• A good amount of time is required to plan a clear, clean, and understandable project approach

Today, one of the most popular project management methodologies, the agile methodology , is an incremental and iterative approach to managing projects in phases . Each iteration has a fixed scope (between 1-3 weeks) to maintain product release consistency, stability, and on-time delivery.

At its core, release management minimizes risks, tracks and audits requirements , and secures consistent implementation—in the least disruptive approach .

The five steps in the Agile methodology are:

• Defining the release plan and product roadmap
• Designing and building product feature(s)
• Testing and iterating
• Closing and maintenance

🟢 Agile Pros

• Increases customer satisfaction and retention
• Software code and testing standards are used repeatedly
• Specific roles with multiple project drivers to meet the same goal

🟡 Agile Cons

• Some organizations might find agile workflows to be a poor culture fit
• Potential lack of understanding in workflow flexibility
• An experienced agile professional might be necessary for teams new to agile

Project managers use the Critical Path Method to define the critical and non-critical tasks for timely delivery. After listing every activity and task required for completion, they will note dependencies and write a sequence of times for each.

Planning with the Critical Path Method allows teams to pinpoint opportunities to shorten task times and flag potential shifts when changes can affect critical tasks.

🟢 Critical Path Method Pros

• Identifies the most important activities and tasks in a project
• Displays the complexities of whether a project is small or substantial
• Easily explained with a chart or graph

🟡 Critical Path Method Cons

• Mid-changes could disrupt the overall stability of the project
• Requires time and effort to build the CPM chart successfully
• Client and stakeholders must be comfortable with estimates on progress and delivery

Note : Critical Chain Project Management, a related project management methodology, focuses on managing resources and buffer duration between task chains and improving upon the Critical Path Method.

Test out these critical path templates !

The eXtreme Programming methodology takes elements of traditional software engineering practices to, well, extreme levels. However, it’s familiar to the agile framework like specific planning approach, on-site customer participation, and continuous testing.

Standard software development practices found in the eXtreme Programming method are:

• Pair Programming : two developers work together simultaneously on code
• Refactoring : implementing a feature without changing the behavior of the system
• Continuous Integration : integrating as soon as you identify issues decreases the number of bugs that could arise in production
• Short Release Cycles: every day is optimized, so by the end of the cycle, tested features are deployed for customer feedback
• The Planning Game : Customer and developers meet to discuss the upcoming release
• 40-Hour Week: developers must work fast and efficiently to maintain product quality, so keeping to a manageable work supports a healthy work-life balance
• Non-Complex Design : when design complications are found, it’s removed so developers can articulate product intention

🟢 eXtreme Programming Pros

• Fixed timeline length, typically 1-2 weeks
• Flexible to changes during the sprint cycle
• Higher customer satisfaction

🟡 eXtreme Programming Cons

• Requires engaged customer(s) to make informed project decisions
• Stressful if teams don’t fully understand the demanding workflow
• Geared towards product delivery businesses

The GTD (Get Things Done) method is a project management methodology less concerned with technical activities such as coding and testing. Instead, it emphasizes personal productivity to create the best systems for approaching life and work.

The five simple steps in the GTD method are:

• Capture : record your notes to make room for more headspace
• Clarify : review your notes and determine whether they should be converted into tasks, filed for referenced, or tossed
• Organize : dedicate a single place for your collection of ideas and tasks
• Reflect : visit your collection frequently to update for relevancy and opportunities
• Engage : use the system you’ve built to take action on your items

If you’re looking for a productivity tool to help gather your thoughts, tasks, schedule, and workflow in one place, learn how to use ClickUp with the GTD project management methodology. ⬇️

🟢 Get Things Done Pros

• Large or intimidating projects are broken down into manageable tasks
• Easily view which tasks take priority over others
• Entirely customizable for whatever season of life and work you’re in

🟡 Get Things Done Cons

• Requires time to set up a system for long term success
• Recording changes with the most up to date information are necessary to prevent backtracking

Check out these GTD apps !

The Integrated Project Management (IPM) project management methodology oversees the cross-functional communication and hand-off during all project phases . Since cross-functional teams have different processes and workflows, IPM helps resolve schedule conflicts, bottlenecks, and team bandwidths.

👉 Check out these project management communication resources to assist with Integrated Project Management planning:

• 7 Project Management Challenges And How To Solve Them
• How Toyin Olasehinde Uses ClickUp Comments to Streamline Communication
• 20+ Project Management Tips for Marketers
• Here’s How To Improve Your Team Communication
• 16 Unmissable Benefits of Project Management Software

🟢 Integrated Project Management Pros

• Projects are appropriately monitored and controlled
• Productivity accelerates to complete projects on time
• Complex resource planning becomes simple

🟡 Integrated Project Management Cons

• No cons to cohesive team communication and collaboration! 🤝

The Lean project management methodology focuses on tools and practices heavily centered on product value for customers . The commitment to constantly improve the reliability and quality of products helps businesses deliver faster . In addition, understanding the specific tasks and activities that need to be completed at a given time minimizes the chances of wasting time and resources.

The five principles of lean methodology are:

• Define Value : align processes to deliver on customer needs
• Map the Value Stream : remove barriers that disrupt the flow
• Create Flow : manage team member workloads and production steps to maintain a smooth process
• Establish Pull: remove overproduction of inventory by implementing a system for on-demand delivery
• Seek Perfection : continuously improve to make steps towards eliminating all mistakes

🟢 Lean Pros

• Understands all aspects of customer demands
• Promotes involving team members closest to the work
• Removes inventory waste, process barriers, and defective products

🟡 Lean Cons

• Not suitable for teams that don’t use a dashboard tool
• Not a culture fit for organizations resistant towards full transparency
• Experienced resource management professionals might be necessary for some teams

Bonus: Lean vs. Agile Project Management 💜

The New Product Introduction methodology is used by companies that continuously release new products . NPI streamlines time and efforts to achieve desired results by carefully vetting new ideas and surveying customers .

The six phases of New Product Introduction are:

• Ideation : brainstorming a product concept influenced by business risk and market research
• Product Definition : gathering product requirements
• Prototyping : building a model for the hardware or software product for performance analysis
• Detailed Design : refining the product model and fully designing to its final form
• Pre-Production (Validation/Testing) : validating the product to ensure high-performance results
• Manufacturing : all design, marketing, and sales efforts are carried out to deliver the final product

🟢 New Product Introduction Pros

• Creates a culture of development
• Drives higher value proposition
• Increases opportunities for businesses to innovate and grow within their industry

🟡 New Product Introduction Cons

• Not suitable for projects that are small in scale
• Product ideas can fail unexpectedly

The Outcome Mapping methodology is an approach for planning, monitoring, and evaluation developed by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) , a Canadian grant-making organization. It’s distinct from all other methodologies mentioned in this list because it focuses on behavior changes of people and groups the project or program works with directly . (Organizations within policy development and research communication typically use this method.)

Outcome Mapping blends social learning, self-assessment, and adaptive management within an organization. The process allows organizations to gather data and encourage reflection about development impacts.

The three stages of Outcome Mapping are:

• Intentional Design : determining the vision, partners, tangible changes (outcomes), and contribution efforts
• Outcome and Performance Monitoring : using an Outcome Journal (tracking progress markers), Strategy Journal (testing strategy in wavering circumstances), and Performance Journal (recording practices and opportunities for improvement) to provide data
• Evaluation Planning : a detailed progress review to influence an evaluation plan and bring strategic benefits to the project

🟢 Outcome Mapping Pros

• Successful results contribute to sustainable improvements
• Incorporates being reflective about organizational and social learnings
• Flexible model to tailor to project needs

🟡 Outcome Mapping Cons

• Requires organizations to take a hard look at their views about development
• Regular communication and participation is necessary for success
• Not suitable for short software development lifecycles

The Package Enabled Reengineering methodology focuses on the original functionality of software packages as a framework for rethinking the design. It requires an analysis of challenges within the current process, management, people, and design to shape new systems.

Check out how to jumpstart your management and design workflows in ClickUp so you can organize your planning with the PER project management methodology. ⬇️

🟢 Package Enabled Reengineering Pros

• Optimizes productivity, resources, and communication strategically

🟡 Package Enabled Reengineering Cons

• Not suitable for organizations with already successful systems

Written by the Project Management Institute, a global “for-purpose” organization , the Project Management Body of Knowledge is a collection of tools, techniques , and best practices for a project manager to align with the evolving changes of project management.

🟢 PMI’s PMBOK Pros

• Resource for project managers studying for project management certification : CAPM (Certified Associate in Project Management) or PMP (Project Management Professional)
• Includes practices guides and comprehensive project management terms glossary

🟡 PMI’s PMBOK Cons

• Extensive 700+ page book not meant for reading cover to cover

The PRINCE2 project management methodology is globally adopted because of its practical and adaptive framework to divide projects into controllable stages . It focuses on an orderly approach in a project’s lifespan from beginning to end. The PRINCE2 methodology directly impacts day-to-day routines to deliver successful projects, from construction development projects to launching social campaigns.

🟢 PRINCE2 Pros

• PRINCE2 certification is available
• Improves project management skills with proven best practices
• Adapts to any project type and scale

🟡 PRINCE2 Cons

• Documentation heavy
• Without certification or experience, it might take longer to see results

The Rational Unified Process methodology is built on well-documented software processes focusing on an iterative approach throughout development. This allows for quick changes on high-risks throughout every stage . As a result, RUP’s structure lends itself to assembling high-quality software production .

The four project phases are:

• Inception : outlining the scope of work or statement of work , impact analysis, identify key use cases, and cost estimates
• Elaboration : designing an architected foundation for the product
• Construction : completing the bulk of the work to develop all software components
• Transition : introducing the product to the end-users, handling bug issues, and reviewing outcome goals

🟢 Rational Unified Process Pros

• Reduces time for initial integration as it’s built in the project stages
• Repeatable steps to apply to future projects
• Emphasizes documentation

🟡 Rational Unified Process Cons

• Not suitable for teams that are unable to keep up with documentation
• The project’s success rate is higher with experienced team members

Scrum project management adds to the agile approach by including a prominent role called the Scrum Master. The Scrum Master conducts a sprint planning meeting with the Product Owner and Development team. Then, they select the high-priority items from the Product Backlog —a list of collected feedback from customers and stakeholders—to release in one sprint. These high-priority items become a Sprint Backlog for the development team to build, test, and release.

Throughout the sprint cycle, a daily scrum meeting is held (typically at the start of the workday) for each project contributor to share: what they did yesterday, what they will do today, and any blockers in the way.

At the end of the sprint, a Sprint Review meeting is held with the Scrum Master, Product Owner, stakeholders, and development team to walk through accomplishments and changes. This review helps improve the performance of future sprints .

🟢 Scrum Pros

• Flexible timeline length, typically 2-4 weeks
• Teams are aligned around tasks and progress through daily scrum meetings
• Short sprints support faster changes from customer and stakeholder feedback

🟡 Scrum Cons

• Daily meetings might not be a culture fit for some teams
• The success rate is higher with experienced agile team members
• Adopting the Scrum framework in larger teams is difficult

Scrumban is the combination of Scrum and Kanban. Kanban adds metric visuals and process improvements to the Scrum methodology. For example, a distinct feature of the Scrumban method is the WIP (work in progress) board to help visualize all tasks from start to finish .

This board, divided into three sections—product backlog, work in progress, and completed—shows the collective work in a given section . With this data, the Scrum team can make adjustments to monitor workloads.

🟢 Scrumban Pros

• Adds a process improvement attribute to the Scrum methodology
• Issues can be pinpointed and resolved quickly on a progress board
• Promotes full transparency for all project team members

🟡 Scrumban Cons

• Boards that are not updated in real-time cause delay and confusion
• A fairly new methodology
• Daily standups are optional, which can be an advantage or disadvantage to a preferred workflow

Motorola introduced the Six Sigma methodology in the 1980s to bring down the defects in its manufacturing process. However, it’s suitable for all industries . It emphasizes a data-driven approach for continuous business transformation . Six means six standard deviations (a statistical benchmark), and the sigma symbol represents a standard deviation.

There are two models of the six sigma methodology:

Six Sigma DMAIC

• D efine the current problem, goals, and deliverables
• M easure the current process and performance
• A nalyze the causes of the problem
• Improve the process by proposing and testing solutions
• C ontrol the outcome by implementing changes in place if problems arise

Six Sigma DMADV

• D esign a process that meets customer expectations and needs
• V erify the design meets customer needs and it’s appropriately

The DMAIC and DMADV models in the six sigma methodology ensure each step is followed to achieve the best results.

🟢 Six Sigma Pros

• Reduces wastes and costs
• Enhances value and improves the quality of a company’s output
• Six Sigma certification is available

🟡 Six Sigma Cons

• An implementation period is necessary for success
• Complicated and requires statistical analysis
• It can get costly in the long run

Bonus: Check out the Top 10 Six Sigma Templates

The Waterfall methodology is one of the traditional project management methods. It has two main attributes: thorough initial planning and fixed-end requirements . Waterfall project management is predictive , meaning each stage starts when its predecessor ends. After a project has begun, it’s nearly impossible to make changes. (This characteristic of Waterfall is off-putting for organizations that experience altering project requirements while in progress.)

On the flip side, for businesses that need predicted outcomes , such as construction and manufacturing, this rigid framework is the best approach for their needs.

The stages of the Waterfall methodology are:

• Requirements Gathering
• Development

🟢 Waterfall Pros

• Easy and familiar to understand for new and seasoned teams
• No overlap between project phases
• Clear deadlines are determined and adhered to at the start of the project

Check out our Waterfall Management Template !

🟡 Waterfall Cons

• Top-down communication model
• Not suitable for software development or complex projects
• Not best for ongoing projects

Now that you know your best project methodologies options, where can you keep your people, processes, and projects organized? 🤔

One of the best ways to add value to your work and optimize your time is to use a software tool. Our recommendation? ClickUp! ✨

ClickUp is the ultimate productivity platform allowing teams to manage projects, collaborate smarter, and bring all work under one tool. Here are a few ClickUp features among the hundreds available that can be customized to any team size for consistent collaboration:

📊 Dashboards

ClickUp Dashboards are a time-saving resource to share high-level views with project stakeholders or project progress with anyone in their Workspace! Track sprints, task progress, portfolio management, and more with customizable widgets. 

A must-have tool for these project management methodologies:

• Rational Unified Process
• Adaptive project framework (APF)

🤖 Automations

With ClickUp Automations , you’re able to set up combinations of Triggers and Actions to help automate repetitive actions—saving time and allowing you to focus on things that matter. Does your team use workflow software with external applications like GitHub? Automate your workflow within ClickUp using the GitHub integration ! 

🗒 List view

ClickUp’s powerful and flexible List view can sort, filter, or group columns in any way. Columns can be customized to show important information—task assignees, start and due dates, project briefs , website links, task comments—it’s up to you!

Subtasks in ClickUp add a layer to your work structure, allowing you to define more detailed goals inside of your tasks. This is a perfect solution for: action items that don’t warrant a new task, objectives that need to be completed to finish an overall task, and task dependencies. 

🏃‍♀️ Sprint

Sprints in ClickUp are packed with additional ClickUp features to help teams better understand and manage their product roadmaps. Available on every ClickUp plan, Sprints use tasks as items of work so teams don’t have to rely on other software to get their work done. 

🟫 Board view

Choose whether you want to zoom in on a single List, an entire Folder, or even all Spaces across your Workspace in Board view . For teams that prefer Kanban project management, Board’s view powerful drag-and-drop interface is perfect for visualizing tasks in progress. 

ClickUp: A Powerful and Friendly Tool 

Your ClickUp Workspace can be fully customized to optimize any project management methodology so you can do your best work and take it anywhere you go . Change the way you build and manage projects with ClickUp today!

Questions? Comments? Visit our Help Center for support.

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12 Project Management Methodologies: Types, Tools, Techniques, And How to Choose

Written By : Bakkah

10 Jun 2024

Table of Content

Definition of Project Management Methodologies:

Types of project management methodologies, project management methodologies tools , project management methodologies techniques, how to choose a project management methodology, explore bakkah's leading courses to boost your skills in project management and business analysis:, popular articles.

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Project management methodologies are systematic frameworks and guidelines utilized by organizations to efficiently plan, execute, and complete projects. They offer structured approaches to project management, ensuring adherence to timelines , budgets , and objectives . These methodologies encompass diverse principles, practices, and tools designed to facilitate effective communication and coordination among project-implementing teams. 

Project management methodologies vary in their approach, with some emphasizing flexibility and adaptability (e.g., Agile) while others focus on sequential and structured processes (e.g., Waterfall). The appropriate methodology must be selected according to the type of project and its unique circumstances. The goal is to enhance project efficiency, minimize risks, and deliver high-quality results, ultimately contributing to achieving the specified goals and objectives of the project.

Project management methodologies refer to the systematic frameworks, processes, and guidelines organizations follow to plan, execute, monitor, and complete projects. These methodologies provide a structured approach to managing projects, ensuring they are completed on time, within budget, and meet the specified goals and objectives.

Project management methodologies encompass diverse principles, practices, and tools designed to facilitate effective communication and coordination among project-implementing teams.

They can vary in their approach, with some methodologies emphasizing flexibility and adaptability (e.g., Agile ), while others focus on sequential and structured processes (e.g., Waterfall ). The appropriate methodology must be selected according to the type of project and its unique circumstances.

The goal of Project Management Methodologies is to enhance project efficiency, minimize risks, and deliver high-quality results, ultimately contributing to achieving the specified goals and objectives of the project.

Various tools support their implementation, enhancing collaboration and communication, while diverse techniques facilitate effective project planning, execution, and control.

There are diverse project management methodologies, each with different principles, processes, and approaches. Here are some common types:

1. Waterfall Methodology

Waterfall project management is a traditional approach to project management where tasks are completed sequentially and linearly. 

The methodology is called "waterfall" because progress is seen as flowing steadily downwards through phases, like a waterfall. Each phase must be completed before moving on to the next one, and changes to the project are generally not allowed once a phase is closed.

Here are the main phases in the waterfall project management methodology:

• Requirements: Define project scope , objectives, and deliverables.
• Design: Create a detailed plan for how the solution meets requirements.
• Implementation (or Construction): Include coding or construction of the project.
• Testing: Ensure the project meets specified requirements through various testing phases.
• Deployment (or Implementation): Implement the project in the production environment after the success of testing.
• Maintenance and Support: Address issues and user concerns and make updates as needed.

The waterfall methodology is best suited for projects where the requirements are well-understood and unlikely to change significantly during the development process.

It is often used in industries like construction and manufacturing. However, one of its main drawbacks is its inflexibility to adapt to changes once the project has started, as it does not easily accommodate changes in requirements.

2. Agile Methodology

Agile methodology is an iterative and flexible approach to project management that focuses on collaboration, adaptability, and customer satisfaction.

Unlike the linear nature of the waterfall model, agile divides a project into small increments with minimal planning and delivers functional pieces of the project in short time frames, known as iterations or sprints.

Primary principles and practices of agile include:

• Projects are divided into small manageable iterations, delivering potentially shippable product increments.
• Collaboration and communication between team members, stakeholders , and customers are crucial for quick adaptation to changes and alignment with goals.
• Continuous customer feedback allows for adjustments based on changing requirements.
• Agile is flexible and adaptable to changes in requirements or priorities at any stage.
• Continuous delivery aims for a potentially shippable product at the end of each iteration, allowing for early and regular value delivery to the customer.
• Prioritization and timeboxing based on value and importance ensure focus and urgency in delivering value.
• Agile encourages self-organizing, cross-functional team formation that collectively possess the necessary skills to deliver a complete product.

Popular agile frameworks include Scrum , Kanban , and Extreme Programming (XP), each with specific practices and roles. 

Agile is widely used in software development and various industries for its adaptability and customer-centric approach.

3. Scrum Framework

Scrum is one of the most widely used agile frameworks for managing complex software development projects. It provides a structured yet flexible approach to product development.

Key elements of the Scrum framework include:

• Roles: Include Product Owner, Scrum Master, and Development Team.
• Artifacts: Comprise the Product Backlog, Sprint Backlog, and Increment.
• Events: Include Sprint Planning, Daily Stand-up, Sprint Review, and Sprint Retrospective.

Scrum's iterative and incremental approach, along with its emphasis on collaboration and adaptability, makes it particularly effective for projects where requirements may change or evolve during development.

4. Kanban Methodology

Kanban is a project management methodology that visualizes workflow using boards, cards, and columns. It also limits tasks that are in progress simultaneously to prevent overloading the team and ensure a steady flow of work.

Emphasizing continuous improvement, Kanban employs feedback loops and a pull system, adapting work based on demand. Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are often used in Kanban to define the expected time frames.

Known for flexibility and adaptability, Kanban suits various industries like architecture, construction, marketing, education, software development, design, and law. Kanban fosters collaboration and shared responsibility and allows incremental process improvements based on specific needs and context.

5. Lean Project Management

Lean Project Management (LPM) is an approach to project management that draws inspiration from Lean principles. The Lean philosophy focuses on minimizing waste, optimizing efficiency, and continuously improving processes.

Lean principles are applied to enhance project delivery, reduce unnecessary activities, and deliver value more effectively. 

Principal aspects of Lean Project Management methodology include eliminating waste, using value stream mapping, continuous improvement (Kaizen) , customer focus, pull scheduling, visual management, batch size reduction, flexible planning, and cross-functional team use. LPM is suitable for industries like manufacturing, construction, and software development.

Its focus on efficiency and customer value makes it a valuable approach for organizations seeking to optimize their project delivery processes.

6. PRINCE2 (Projects IN Controlled Environments)

PRINCE2 (Projects IN Controlled Environments) is a widely adopted project management methodology developed by the UK government. It provides a structured and process-driven approach to project management, emphasizing flexibility and adaptability.

PRINCE2 divides projects into manageable stages, with defined roles and responsibilities, ensuring organized and controlled project execution.

The methodology consists of seven processes:

• Starting Up a Project (SU): Ensures project prerequisites are in place.
• Initiating a Project (IP): Defines project scope, objectives, and plans.
• Directing a Project (DP): Provides senior management with chief controls.
• Controlling a Stage (CS): Manages day-to-day project activities.
• Managing Product Delivery (MP): Ensures efficient product work.
• Managing a Stage Boundary (SB): Focuses on transitioning between stages.
• Closing a Project (CP): Formally closes the project and ties up loose ends.

PRINCE2 is known for its focus on continuous improvement and adaptability, making it a valuable tool for delivering successful projects within time, cost, and quality constraints.

Boost your career with Bakkah’s PRINCE2 courses:

• PRINCE2® Training Course Online
• PRINCE2® Agile Foundation & Practitioner Online Course and Certification

7. Critical Path Method (CPM)

Critical Path Method (CPM) is a project management technique that identifies the critical path of activities, potential risks, team roles, and the sequence of tasks determining the shortest project duration. Key steps:

• Task Breakdown: Identify and sequence project tasks. 
• Duration Estimation: Assign time estimates to tasks.
• Network Diagram: Create a visual representation of task dependencies.
• Critical Path Identification: Find the path critical for project completion.
• Float/Slack Calculation: Determine non-critical task flexibility.
• Resource Allocation: Efficiently allocate resources.
• Monitoring and Control: Monitor progress continuously, update schedules, and take corrective actions., update schedules, and take corrective actions.

CPM is an essential tool for effective project planning and control. It aids in prioritizing critical tasks, managing time constraints, and optimizing project schedules. CMP can be used in several projects, such as engineering, manufacturing, construction, and science.

8. Six Sigma ( Continuous Improvement Methodology)

Six Sigma is a data-driven project management methodology focused on improving process efficiency continuously and reducing defects or errors. Developed by Motorola in the 1980s, Six Sigma seeks to minimize variations and achieve higher levels of quality in processes. It is often applied in manufacturing and process improvement projects. Here is a concise overview of the Six Sigma project management methodology:

• Define (D): Clearly articulate the problem, project goals , scope, and customer requirements.
• Measure (M): Establish metrics, collect data, and measure baseline performance.
• Analyze (A): Use statistical tools to identify root causes of defects or inefficiencies.
• Improve (I): Develop and implement solutions, testing and refining as needed.
• Control (C): Establish measures to sustain improvements and prevent the recurrence of defects or issues.

The Six Sigma methodology is often represented by the acronym DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control). Additionally, for more complex or considerable process changes, there is another phase known as DMADV (Define, Measure, Analyze, Design, Verify).

Bakkah provides certification levels such as Six Sigma Green Belt and Six Sigma Black Belt are available for individuals to demonstrate proficiency in applying Six Sigma principles and methodologies. Organizations implementing Six Sigma often experience enhanced efficiency, reduced defects, and improved customer satisfaction.

9. RAD (Rapid Application Development)

Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a project development methodology that prioritizes quick iterations and prototypes over extensive planning.

It involves user participation throughout the process, parallel development of system components, and a flexible, adaptive approach. Prototyping is a key feature, allowing for continuous refinement based on user feedback. RAD aims to deliver a functional product rapidly, focusing on time and cost efficiency.

Popular RAD tools include Microsoft Visual Basic, PowerBuilder, and OutSystems. The methodology suits projects with changing requirements but may not be ideal for highly structured endeavors.

10. Incremental and Iterative Methodologies

Incremental development involves dividing the project into small increments, each delivering a part of the final product's functionality linearly. User feedback is integrated after each increment, providing ongoing adaptability and the ability to identify and correct issues early. This approach enables early delivery and reduced project risk.

On the other hand, iterative development goes through cycles or iterations, refining the entire system with each iteration. It is highly flexible and accommodates changing requirements throughout the development process.

11. Hybrid Methodologies

Hybrid methodologies in project development involve blending elements from different traditional and agile approaches to create a flexible and tailored solution. That allows teams to adapt practices based on the project's unique requirements, leveraging both structured planning and iterative development. 

In a hybrid methodology, the most appropriate elements from each methodology are identified and combined harmoniously. Examples include combining Waterfall and Scrum or integrating lean principles with agile practices.

The goal is to manage risks effectively, enhance flexibility, and address the project-specific needs. Effective communication is crucial to mitigate potential challenges introduced by diverse practices integration.

12. Extreme Programming (XP)

XP is an Agile methodology that emphasizes collaboration, adaptability, and delivering high-quality software through practices such as continuous testing and frequent releases.

Extreme Programming methodology is one of the famous methodologies for managing and developing software and other technical projects. It is based on diverse principles and practices, focusing on increasing software quality and improving team productivity.

A team needs to follow this method if the project is fast-paced or subject to regular change and thus has a dynamic rather than static nature.

The Extreme methodology also aims to achieve productive cooperation between team members and increase the quality of the final product and its flexibility in the face of changes.

Here are the main principles and practices of Extreme Programming:

• XP is built on a set of core values, including communication, simplicity, feedback, and courage.
• Developers work in pairs, one writing code and the other reviewing it in real-time. That promotes collaboration, knowledge sharing, and code quality.
• Developers write tests before writing the actual code. That ensures that the code meets specifications and facilitates maintenance and updates.
• Code is integrated frequently to identify and address integration issues early in the development process.
• XP improves code design regularly without changing its functionality.
• XP keeps the design as simple as possible, making it easier to understand, modify, and maintain.
• Frequent and direct interaction with the customer allows for quick adjustments to changing requirements and priorities.
• XP emphasizes continuous improvement through regular reflection on the development process and changes in implementation to enhance efficiency and quality.

Bakkah provides a variety of accredited project management Courses for all professional certificates in project management, risk management, and others.

In brief, choosing the most suitable project management methodology depends on factors such as project size, complexity, industry, and organizational culture. Project managers often customize or combine methodologies to best fit the unique requirements of their projects.

Project management methodologies are often supported and implemented using various tools to enhance efficiency, collaboration, and communication throughout the project lifecycle. Here are some commonly used tools associated with project management methodologies:

1. Project Management Software

Tools like Microsoft Project, Asana, Jira, Trello, and Monday.com provide features for project planning , scheduling , task assignment, and progress tracking.

2. Version Control Systems

Git, SVN (Subversion), and Mercurial help manage changes to source code and documentation, ensuring version control and collaboration in software development projects.

3. Communication and Collaboration Tools

Slack, Microsoft Teams, and Discord facilitate real-time communication, file sharing, and collaboration among team members, supporting Agile and remote work environments.

4. Gantt Charts

Tools like GanttPRO and SmartDraw help create visual representations of project timelines, tasks, and dependencies, commonly used in Waterfall and traditional project management methodologies.

5. Kanban Boards

Trello, KanbanFlow, and LeanKit enable teams to visualize work and optimize workflow, particularly in Agile and Lean methodologies.

6. Scrum Tools

Jira, VersionOne, and Targetprocess support the Scrum framework with features for sprint planning, backlog management, and burndown charts.

7. Resource Management Tools

Workfront, Mavenlink, and TeamGantt assist in resource allocation, workload tracking, and managing team capacity in project management.

8. Risk Management Tools

RiskWatch, RiskyProject, and ProjectManager.com help identify, assess, and manage risks throughout the project lifecycle.

9. Collaborative Document Management

Tools like SharePoint, Google Workspace, and Dropbox Business enable teams to collaborate on documents, share project-related files, and ensure version control.

10. Continuous Integration and Deployment (CI/CD) Tools

Jenkins, Travis CI, and GitLab CI/CD automate integration code changes process and deploying software, commonly used in Agile and DevOps methodologies.

11. Time Tracking and Timesheet Tools

Harvest, Toggl, and Clockify assist in tracking project-related activities, allowing for accurate time management and resource allocation.

12. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) Tools

Salesforce, HubSpot, and Zoho CRM support customer-centric projects. That helps teams manage client interactions, feedback, and requirements.

Project managers and teams should carefully select tools that align with their chosen methodologies and project requirements. Integrating these tools can significantly improve project management efficiency and contribute to successful project outcomes.

Project management methodologies involve various techniques to plan, execute, and control projects effectively. Here are some commonly used techniques associated with project management methodologies:

1. Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

Break a project into smaller, manageable tasks and create a hierarchical structure to define clearly the scope and deliverables.

2. PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) and CPM (Critical Path Method)

Techniques for scheduling and managing tasks by identifying critical paths and dependencies and estimating project duration.

2. SWOT Analysis

Evaluate the project's Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats to make informed decisions and develop effective strategies.

3. Risk Management

Identify, assess, mitigate, and monitor risks throughout the project lifecycle to minimize potential negative impacts.

4. Stakeholder Analysis

Identify and analyze stakeholders to understand their interests, influence, and expectations and ensure effective communication and engagement.

5. PERT Charts (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)

Graphical representations of project tasks and their dependencies, helping visualize the project schedule and critical path.

6. Scrum Meetings

Daily Standups, Sprint Planning, Sprint Review, and Sprint Retrospective are regular Scrum meetings that facilitate communication and collaboration in Agile projects.

7. Earned Value Management (EVM)

Analyze project performance by measuring the planned value, earned value, and actual cost to assess progress and forecast future performance.

8. Quality Management

Implement techniques such as quality audits, inspections, and control charts to ensure project deliverables meet predefined quality standards.

9. Mind Mapping

Visualize project ideas, requirements, and tasks using mind maps to stimulate creative thinking and organize information in a structured way.

10. Critical Chain Method

Identify and manage resource dependencies to optimize project schedules and improve overall performance.

11. Prototyping

Creating a working model or prototype of a product or system to gather feedback early in the development process is common in Agile and iterative methodologies.

12. Benchmarking

Compare project performance metrics and processes against industry standards or best practices to identify areas for improvement.

13. Dependency Mapping

Identify and visualize dependencies between different tasks or project activities to understand their interrelationships and potential impacts.

14. Agile Estimation Techniques

Use techniques like Planning Poker, Relative Sizing, and Story Points to estimate the effort required for Agile project tasks.

15. Change Management

Implement strategies and techniques to manage and communicate changes effectively, ensuring minimal disruptions to project progress.

16. Communication Plans

Developing plans outlines how project information will be communicated to stakeholders, ensuring clear and consistent communication.

These techniques are often applied based on the specific requirements, characteristics, and principles of the chosen project management methodology. Project managers may tailor and combine these techniques to suit the needs of their projects.

Choosing a suitable project management methodology is crucial for the success of a project. The decision should be based on the project's characteristics, team dynamics, organizational culture, and the nature of the work to be performed. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to choose a project management methodology:

1. Understand Project Requirements

Clearly define the project scope, objectives, and deliverables. Consider the size, complexity, and nature of the project work.

2. Assess Team Skills and Experience

Evaluate the skills and experience of the project team. Consider their familiarity with different methodologies and their adaptability to new approaches.

3. Consider Project Flexibility

Assess the level of flexibility required throughout the project. Some projects may benefit from a more adaptive and iterative approach, while others may require a more structured and sequential process.

4. Examine Project Constraints

Identify any constraints such as budget limitations, time constraints, regulatory requirements, or client preferences that may influence the choice of methodology.

5. Evaluate Organizational Culture

Consider the existing organizational culture and whether it aligns with the principles of certain project management methodologies. Some organizations may prefer traditional, plan-driven approaches, while others may be more receptive to Agile or iterative methods.

6. Define Stakeholder Involvement

Determine the level of involvement and collaboration required from project stakeholders. Some methodologies, like Agile, emphasize continuous stakeholder engagement and feedback.

7. Analyze Project Risks

Evaluate the potential risks associated with the project. Some methodologies, such as Agile, are well-suited for projects with high uncertainty and evolving requirements.

8. Review Industry Standards

Consider industry standards and best practices. Certain industries or project types may have specific guidelines or regulations that align with particular methodologies.

9. Explore Hybrid Approaches

Assess the possibility of combining elements from different methodologies to create a hybrid approach tailored to the project's specific needs.

10. Pilot or Prototype

If feasible, consider running a pilot or prototype using a small-scale version of the project to test how well a methodology fits the team and project requirements.

11. Consult with Stakeholders

Seek input from key stakeholders, including team members, clients, and sponsors. Understand their preferences, expectations, and concerns regarding project management approaches.

12. Training and Transition Plan

Evaluate the readiness of the team to adopt a new methodology. Plan for necessary training and establish a transition plan to smoothly implement the chosen methodology.

13. Continuous Improvement

Be open to evaluating and adjusting the chosen methodology throughout the project. Continuous improvement is essential to address evolving project needs and improve overall project management processes.

Elevate your project management skills with Bakkah Learning's expert-led courses. From PMP to Prince2, Six Sigma to Agile, we offer tailored programs to suit your career goals. With interactive learning, flexible access, and certification preparation, we're your partner for professional growth. Start your journey to mastery today with Bakkah Learning!

Here are some Project Management Courses :

• Certified Associate in Project Management CAPM Course
• PMI-ACP® certification
• PgMP certification
• PMI Scheduling Professional - PMI-SP certification

Risk Management Courses And Certifications:

• Risk Management Professional - PMI-RMP Course
• MoR Certification and course

PRINCE2 Courses

• PRINCE2 Certification
• PRINCE2 Agile.

Project Management Tools:

• Primavera P6 Course
• MSP Course - Managing Successful Programmes
• Microsoft Project training course  

Portfolio Management

• P3O Foundation certification
• Management of Portfolios MoP
• The Portfolio Management Professional – PfMP certificate
• Lean Six Sigma Yellow Belt Course
• Lean Six Sigma Green Belt Course
• Lean Six Sigma Black Belt Course

Ultimately, the choice of a project management methodology should be a thoughtful and informed decision that aligns with the unique characteristics of the project and the organization. Regularly reassess the chosen methodology to ensure its continued effectiveness and make adjustments as needed.

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Project Management Methodology: Definition, Types, Examples

What is a project management methodology ? How can it be defined? In simple terms, it is a must-have to avoid failure and reduce risks because it is one of the critical success factors as well as the core competency of the management team. It is the straightforward way to guide the team through the development and execution of the phases, processes and tasks throughout the project management life-cycle.

What is a Methodology? The Definition in Project Management

The term “ project management methodology ” was first defined in the early 1960s when various business organizations began to look for effective ways that could simplify the realization of business benefits and organize the work into a structured and unique entity (which was called “ project ” later on). Communication and collaboration were the key criteria for establishing productive work relationships between the teams and departments within one and the same organization.

Since that time, the term has been changed and modified many times, new definitions have been created, new elements and functions have been added. Today we consider a project management methodology as a set of broad principles and rules to manage a specific project that has a definite beginning and end. Below is the current definition of methodology .

Project Management Methodology is a strictly defined combination of logically related practices, methods and processes that determine how best to plan, develop, control and deliver a project throughout the continuous implementation process until successful completion and termination. It is a scientifically-proven, systematic and disciplined approach to project design, execution and completion.

The purpose of project methodology is to allow for controlling the entire management process through effective decision making and problem solving, while ensuring the success of specific processes, approaches, techniques, methods and technologies.

Typically, a project management methodology provides a skeleton for describing every step in depth, so that the project manager or program manager will know what to do in order to deliver and implement the work according to the schedule, budget and client specification.

Referring to the above mentioned definition, an appropriately chosen project management methodology paves the way for gaining the following achievements:

• The needs of stakeholders are defined
• A common “language” is established and understood by the team, so they know what’s expected of them
• Cost estimates are complete, accurate and credible
• Every task is done using a common methodological approach
• Most conflicts are spotted and resolved early
• Expected deliverables are produced and handed over
• Lessons are learned and solutions are quickly implemented

Methodology in Project Management Framework

Project management (the acronym “PM”) provides the framework of planning, doing and delivering projects of any kind, size, nature and type. PM framework focuses on the realization of desired change in line with a chosen methodological approach. Actually, change is the core aspect that should be managed. PM framework identifies and defines how to best manage change. And methodology serves as the “way” to systematically realize change in terms of time, cost and quality.

Managing projects means describing and performing the activities required to meet the specific objectives of making change.

For example, writing a book is a kind of project in which the objective is to write a book. This objective can be fulfilled by a series of activities, including defining the topic, collecting material, creating a draft, typing, proofreading, others. So in terms of project management, the author needs to define and then complete all the necessary activities in order to write a book (which means make change).

Here’s a simplified example of how a project methodology can be presented in the management hierarchical structure:

PM Framework precedes Methodology which in turn precedes Lifecycle Stages and determines the project management Processes, Tasks and Activities

Project Management Methodology Types

In project management there are a variety of approaches and methods that can be employed in managing different kinds of project. All the types of project methodology can be conditionally divided into traditional and modern approaches.

Traditional Approach

A traditional approach involves a series of consecutive stages in the project management process. It is a step-by-step sequence to design, develop and deliver a product or service. It entails achieving the succession in the implementation process and provides the benefits of milestone-based planning and team building. In IT and software development, this methodology type is called “ Waterfall ” – one portion of work follows after another in linear sequence.

The following stages are included the traditional project management methodology:

• Initiation (requirements specification)
• Planning and design
• Execution (construction and coding)
• Control and integration
• Validation (testing and debugging)
• Closure (installation and maintenance)

Modern Approaches

Modern methodologies do not focus on linear processes but they provide an alternative look at project management. Some of the methods are best for IT and software development, while others can be implemented in production, process improvement, product engineering, and so on. Modern PM approaches use different models of the management process.

Project Management Methodology Examples

It is the matter of a project’s type, size and nature to select the right methodology. Here are the most popular PM methodologies:

PMBOK® Guide

Although A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge IS NOT a PM methodology in its “ pure state “, many people regard it as the methodological approach to planning, executing, controlling and terminating various projects. Meanwhile, the PMBOK® Guide is a broad inventory of best practices and ideas on planning and implementing projects. Please note that it is just a guide but not a project management methodology.

PRojects IN Controlled Environments 2 ( PRINCE2 ) presents a suite of process-driven methods and documentation-oriented approaches that allow driving various projects in the private sector. It was developed the UK Government, and today this great example of project management methodology is used both in the UK and internationally.

Critical path method (CPM) explores the most important or critical tasks of a project by defining possible activity sequences and estimating the longest duration of each sequence. It helps figure out how long it will take to complete the work and what tasks will compose the scope.

Lean PM methodology intends to maximize customer value and minimize resource waste. Lean project management lets organizations create higher value for their customers with fewer resources. This approach achieves perfection in customer satisfaction and value generation through implementing an optimized process flow that eliminates waste in products, services, transportation, inventories, etc.

The method of Six Sigma was originally developed by Motorola to improve its production processes by eliminating defects (defined as “non-conformity of a product or service to its specifications”). Today Six Sigma is one of the most popular and worldwide trusted examples of project management methodology for ensuring the accuracy and speed of a process’s implementation through eliminating or minimizing waste.

Critical Chain Project Management (CCPM) is the way to plan, implement and review various kinds of work in single- and multi-project environments. This management methodology uses Theory of Constraints (TOC) and the concept of buffers to establish improved task durations and manage resource-dependent tasks and activities.

SCRUM is an example of Agile PM methodology that involves teams in producing a software product in 30-day “ sprints ” and monthly “ scrum sessions “. In a SCRUM-driven project, the deliverables are broken down into 30-day intervals. This methodology example is specific and applicable mainly to collaborative, 100%-dedicated teams, with no heavily constrained time and materials budget.

Project Management for Students

Project management for students is a vital part of the education and training process. Students can easily get a project management degree, but it does not mean that it comes as easy as taking the homework. Students need to take into account some important aspects if they want to manage a project properly.

For instance, choosing the best admission essay writing service is of great importance because if for some reason the student cannot deliver a high-quality essay in time, he will most likely fail the course or even worse he will be expelled from the college or university.

Students should prepare well for the project or the essay. They need to research on the topic beforehand, keep track of what is going on, write on time and work within the deadline.

This will allow them to catch up with their fellow students, focusing only on what they have to do and not worrying about what other people are doing.

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Career & Lifestyle

Why Team Building in Tech Has Never Mattered More

Overcoming the Communication Barriers in Virtual Project Management: A Quick Guide for Tech Pros

Project initiation stage – Project Initiation Document (PID). Duties of project owner and project team

Organizing Procurement and Purchasing Activities in a Project

Two Common Mistakes in Project Procurement Contracts

Project Sponsor – The Role and Responsibilities

Method Statement HQ

Construction Documentation Portal

Project Construction Methodology

Construction methodology or project execution methodology  refers to the planned method of construction , taking into account all contractual and legal requirements, construction constraints, risks, and opportunities.

Project Methodology includes the temporary and permanent works and the services required to complete the construction works.

Below is given a detailed methodology for construction of a civil project, which can be used for planning a good project and to show the clients and consultants that a civil  main contracting company is able to manage a project.

This approach can be customized as per site requirements and can help planning & operation departments to prepare a professional construction methodology .

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY PLANS & PROCEDURAL APPROACH

This project implementation strategy also called construction methodology provides general information of the methods procedures and sequencing to be used fur the project. Where specific areas of work are of a difficult nature, safety concern or there is a specific requirement a detailed method statement will be prepared in the future

In developing the planning the site location should be considered nod it will be necessary to mobilize and establish at the site various temporary facilities and equipment prior to commencing the works.

It is also necessary to establish and hare certain staff at the site for the works. this will be at an agreed location with the client.

Initial planning, preparation of shop drawings, detailing material procurement and arrangement of sub contractors will be carried out from the head office.

PROJECT CONTROL SYSTEM

The planning and documentation requirements listed here are considered adequate control for the works and no further criteria for the detailed plans or procedures are deemed necessary.

This will address in detail the requirements of the contract and specifically the procedures and plans outlined in the various annexure for schedule project control services.

ORGANISATION CHART

The company organization chart of the project shows both the head office personnel and the sue personnel. Initially all administrative and technical personnel would be based at company head office. However when the project is fully mobilized the staff would be located at site.

CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY PROJECT PLANNING

The construction methodology or execution planning services will be provided in accordance with contract requirements. The level I works master schedule will be based on the tender scheme program and will be submitted initially after the contract award.

Following the review and approval of the level I program the more detailed levels of programs will be prepared.

Project control is required for the following documentation.

a) Shop drawing preparation.

b) Material procurement.

c) Arranging subcontractors.

d) Material delivery

The program dates for these items will he derived from the overall project schedule.

Exporting these items from the primavera database to a spreadsheet will be done to implement this.

This will allow the preparation of customizable report showing the status on each of these activities.

Initially all of the planning activities will be carried out in the company head office using a senior planner.

The work carried out on a project will comprise of monitoring progress, updating the schedule and providing short term look ahead programs.

Actual progress of the works is continuously monitored and compared with the schedule.

Variances are defined and assessed In case of any delay, a recovery plan is prepared along With costs and resources impact.

CONTRACT & SHOP DRAWINGS

On the award of the contract the contract-drawing list as per the front index sheet will be prepared as a spreadsheet.

This will be used as the basis for the drawing register for the project.

 Additional columns or fields will be added to indicate when the drawing is distributed to a particular party or subcontractor.

In the event that any of the contract drawings are modified and reissued a new entry will be added to the list. The spreadsheet will contain an additional field for the revision number and date.

At the start of the contract a thorough review would be carried out of the construction methods.

Based on the complexity of the particular work and the level of detail in the contract drawings a master list of shop drawings envisaged will be prepared.

Consultation will be held with subcontractors to verify the draft drawing list shop for their work.

The master list of shop drawings will include the following information on a spreadsheet

a) Drawing reference.

b) Drawing title,

c) Discipline

d) Drawing originator

e) Preparation date.

f) Issue for approval date.

SUBCONTRACTORS SELECTION METHODOLOGY

At the tender stage a preliminary list of subcontractors will be prepared and used for Inquiries.

However upon award of the contract a thorough review would be carried out of the list of subcontractors At the start of the project a list of all the subcontracts will be prepared.

The scope of work for the subcontractors will be precisely defined and identified by using the bill of quantities stern numbers.

The bill of quantities will be prepared on a spreadsheet and this will allow specific activities / work relevant to one subcontract to be edited out.

This will provide financial control reporting on information obtained from the spreadsheet.

Additional columns will be introduced in the spreadsheet to identify which subcontract the work is allocated to.

In the case of one bill item being split between the main contractor and different subcontractors the bill item will be split.

The drawings relevant to each subcontract will be identified.

A standard form of the contract will be prepared that is specific to the project. This will reflect the contract terms and conditions of the main contract with the client.

The standard form of subcontract will identify the facilities, services, temporary works, plant and equipment to be provided by the main contractor and by the subcontractor.

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT PROCUREMENT STRATEGY 

This section of the project construction methodology plan covers the procurement of the permanent works equipment, materials and services which can either be arranged as

• A material supply contract from a local company
• A material supply contract from an overseas company
• As sub contracted work where the sub contractor provides plant, equipment, materials and labor for the installation or construction.
• A material supply, which is under prime cost and will be decided during the project.

On the award of the contract a comprehensive list of all the permanent works materials will be prepared along with the work elements to be subcontracted.

Based on this list inquiries will be sent out to potential suppliers or subcontractors. Inquiries will include relevant bill of quantities sections, contract drawings, specifications sections and program dates. Suppliers / subcontractors will be given a set time period to respond.

This period will depend on the complexity of the supply or subcontractors works. The returned material or subcontract offers will be reviewed for their compliance with the contract documents for quality and ability to meet program.

The cost and commercial terms of each offer will be reviewed based on the best quality and ability to meet program and cost. A potential material supplier or subcontractor will be identified and submitted to the client for approval. After approval of the material supplier or subcontractor an award will be made using the standard format terms and condition for the supply. After the award the precise programme dates will be discussed in detail with the supplier or subcontractor.

The subcontractor will prepare shop drawings relevant to his scope of work. Once an order is placed, regular follow-ups with the supplier/ subcontractor are carried out to ensure compliance with the delivery schedule.

MATERIAL QUALITY CONTROL  METHODOLOGY

In order to establish the required standard of supplied materials samples of the material will be supplied where appropriate. These will be kept on site and referenced as the submission sample.

These will be available for inspection by the client and the consultant and can be used in comparison with the supplied materials. On receipt of the product. QC personnel inspect the items to ensure compliance with norms and approvals.

This work shall be carried out in advance of the program dates for the main work.

COMMUNICATIONS & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

It is imperative that good communications are established between the company head office and the site. A priority will be to establish telephone and fax line connections to the site and this would be done using the best options.

To allow the quick and efficient transfer of information between the company head office and the site a dial up internet connection will be arranged with service provider which will allow the transfer of documents us attachments between the head office and the site.

On the site a number of desktop personal computers will be provided and these will be connected to a local area network as a peer-to-peer network. This will allow common project documents and information to be viewed after designation of drives or directories are shared.

The type of computer software envisaged for the project will be as follows:

a) Windows operating system.

is) Microsoft Office including word, excel and access

METHODOLOGY FOR COORDINATION WITH SUBCONTRACTORS

Due attention and instruction will be given to our subcontractors in their activities and regular meetings will be arranged to coordinate their works together and with the contractor’s main activities as per the program set forth.

Upon Nomination, Separate meeting will be held with M.E P. Subcontractor, Aluminum / Curtain Wall Subcontractor and Lifts Subcontractor in order to establish proper coordination between all activities and to follow program of works.

TASKS PERFORMED AT HEAD OFFICE

Engineering:

a) Design and drawing.

b) Technical clarification.

c) Quality plan and procedures.

d) Inspection and test plan.

e) Safety and Environmental manual and procedures.

a) Preparation and modification of Master Program.

b) Assignment and control of manpower.

c) Assignment and control of plant equipment.

Procurement:

a) Sourcing and submittal of subcontractors.

b) Sourcing of Material suppliers.

c) Procurement of materials as per site requirement

TASKS PERFORMED AT SITE OFFICE

Site office will carry out all activities necessary to complete the project as per contract requirements. The project manager will be liaising with the head office.

Project manager will be authorized to communicate directly with the client and the consultant on matters concerning the selection of subcontractors and vendors, the procurement of material / equipment and decisions on Financial matters related to progress payments on to variations.

The project manager will follow the general guidelines set by the company management and will report thereto through the projects manager/ management coordinator

Download Civil Project Execution Method Statements

PROJECT MOBILIZATION  PLANNING  METHODOLOGY

  PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT:

Based on the project schedule, detailed manpower histogram will be prepared for whole period of the project. The histogram is then copied to the Support Service Department to analyze the requirements, coordinate and make necessary arrangements for the availability of the personnel as and when needed.

The project manager will review the histogram periodically and instruct update I amendment as necessary. The Contractor has main plant yard in the area. Most machinery. equipment, scaffolding, tools. etc. necessary for the construction are available at that yard. Main machinery (e.g. cranes) will be provided on initial stage of the project. Further equipment will be provided from the plant yard, or hired in particular requirements in line with the works programme.

LIFTING EQUIPMENT

To ensure the programme is aunt it is critical that adequate lifting equipment be available for the lifting of material, equipment, false work and formwork.

Tower cranes would be provided as per the approved site requirements. The proposed arrangements will be submitted in due course.

The tower crane would be utilized for the:

a) Erection, stripping and movement of formwork & lifting of reinforcing bar

b) Lifting & placement of precast

c) Lifting of construction materials and equipment.

Concreting would be carried out by a concrete stationary/ mobile pump as is required and Crane & Racket system. Mobile crane will be provided as and when required.

Mobile crane will be used for unloading, loading and other construction activities when the tower cranes are engaged in ocher activities. Following progress of concrete structure personal/material hoist will be fixed.

SITE FACILITIES AND LAYOUT

Temporary (portable) buildings will be installed on site for the Contractors use. Adequate space will be allocated the client and his representative. Those facilities will be separate from the buildings under construction (permanent). They will be established on suitable location approved by the client.

Electricity and water wilt be connected for temporary use during construction. Drainage lines wail also be installed and disbursed in sewerage lines if available and allowed.

The site facilities would comprise the following :

a) Main contractor’s offices.

b) Subcontractors offices.

c) Carpentry shop.

d)   Steel rebar lay down area, cutting and bending areas.

e) Material lay-down area

f) Covered store.

g) Small temperature controlled store.

A detailed site layout plan is submitted separately.

TOPOGRAPHICAL SURVEY & SETTING OUT

Upon award of the contract a request will be made to the client for the survey and setting out benchmarks. This information should be in writing and give the levels and plan coordinates of the benchmarks and their unique reference number.

This information will be shown on an overall layout drawing and will be used to plan the establishment of a series of temporary benchmarks for the setting out of the works. These benchmarks will be arranged on orthogonal lines offset from the building edge.

Some extra benchmarks will be provided so that in the case of any benchmarks being damaged or disturbed others can be used. A number of survey rounds will be carried out to check the accuracy of the plan and level co-ordinates for the benchmarks.

This information will be submitted to the consultant or client for review and approval.

Upon approval of the benchmark co-ordinate and level information this will be issued to site personnel for construction.

All available drawings and documents on existing services will be thoroughly examined.

GEO TECHNICAL EVALUATION

Upon award of the contract a thorough review will be carried of the site investigation report for any anomalies or inconsistencies on the site investigation report.

Any queries on the site investigation report will be raised in writing to the client and consultants.

Before foundation work on any structure, a visual inspection will be carted of the formation to check that this is consistent with what was envisaged in the site investigation report.

Any differences will be brought to the attention of the client or consultant prier to casting die blinding concrete

SITE ACCESS

Within the Contractors part of the site temporary access tracks will be established to allow safe and easy passage delivery vehicles, plant, equipment and personnel to the building block locations.

The transport of small items of construction materials and equipment to the different levels on a building would be arranged by use of an access hoist/ crane.

Labor access to different levels on the building would be by the concrete staircase and hoist cranes.

Whilst work is being earned onion the staircase adder access via scaffold would be provided.

DEMOBILIZATION

After substantial completion and commencement of testing and commissioning, as built drawings and other documents necessary for maintenance will be provided. The project manager will plan carefully the demobilization on site in order to allow smooth transitioning of the site on time in the client.

This will include dismantling and removal of machines, disconnection of temporary services, removal of temporary buildings, stores and associated areas, general cleaning and reinstatement of any sidewalks, services etc. that might be required.

CIVIL WORKS CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

Contractor will commence the project following the Client’s requirements. Upon award of contract site inspection and site take over will be done. Any differences will be brought ho time attention oldie client or consultant prior commencement of works. Site clearance works & excavation for foundations (pile caps) will be done with machines and labor where necessary.

Pile head treatment will follow excavation and completion of blinding. Pile head protection will be done in accordance to the drawings and specifications.  Raft foundation (Pile Cap) with he constructed by conventional cast insitu concrete.

Certain part of forms will be carried out as solid block work ready for application of waterproofing. Formwork will be prepared on a modular basis and comprise timber facing and timber stiffening horizontal and vertical.

Horizontal waterproofing will be applied to blinding as specified then protected with the cement sand screed before construction activities for raft stab (fixing of reinforcement, forms for construction joints and pouring of concrete).

Vertical waterproofing will be applied onto plastered surface of block wall and protected with bituminous boards. Superstructure will be carried our according to the drawings arid specifications. Vertical and horizontal members will be cast insitu concrete elements.

Concrete walls will be constructed as an insitu pour cast as a single lift for each level Forms wall be timber suitably braced to ensure proper level and alignment and would ho prepared on modular basis for reuse on each level. Tie rods and supports will be provided to ensure proper alignment and bracing of the shutters.

To ensure the program is met it is critical that adequate crane is available for the lifting of material, equipment and formwork. Tower cranes will be provided at appropriate locations which will cover complete plot. The tower cranes would have a span of 30/45 meters. The cranes will be utilized for the erection, stripping and movement of formwork; lifting of reinforcing bars, lifting of construction material and equipment etc.

Concrete pumps will carry out concrete. Simultaneously with the progress of concrete structure first fixing of M.E.P works will follow. Hoists will carry our vertical transportation of material and labor. Erection of hoists will be in several stages following vertical progress of main structure.

On completion of concrete works for some of the floors, the block work, plaster and screed work will proceed. Tiling (ceramic, e.g.) will then proceed. All completed floor tiling will be protected by means of gypsum plaster or plywood covering which will be removed and cleared before handover.

Building finishes will be applied, by completing wet building finishes on one section before starling dry building finishes Where possible building finishes will start from top to bottom to avoid damaging previously completed work. Work will also proceed linearly over a particular part of rooms; wet finishes on half of the block will be completed before dry finishes start.

Dry finish like false ceiling, framing carpentry, aluminum etc. will then proceed together with priming for paint. Commencement of aluminum (Curtain wall will start from the bottom to top. Upon completion half of the concrete structure for building, fixing of curtain wall will start.  Progress of curtain wall and finishes will be followed with the second fixing of electromechanical works.

Installation of chillier units will be advanced in order to commencement air conditioning of certain portions of the building, which can provide completion of all finishes. Installation of lifts will be in advance as soon as concrete structure is finished. Painting will be completed except for the last coat. which will follow the completion of all dry finisher and MEP pre-commissioning activities.

External pavement and kerbstones will commence after completion of external envelope.

Block Work Methodology

Detailed method statement for block work shall be prepared specifically identifying material types, quality of finish and other important aspects. Block work will commence upon removal of scaffolding and formwork.

Block work in the ground will commence after completion of slab for 2nd floor.  Concrete blocks supplied for site will be certified by Consultant.

Mortar will be mixed on site according to the specifications and trail mixes approved by consultant’s. Standard accessories with approvals by consultant will be used. Alignment and level of the adjacent concrete works have been checked prior to placing block work.

Adequate arrangements for curing of block work will be provided according to the specifications. All junction details with reinforced concrete frame will be carried out according to the previous approved drawings. Upon completion of block work.

Chasing of walls will commence to provide all necessary’ conducting. Preparation for plastering, fixing of angle beads and other accessories and applying of rush coat will follow

Plastering Methodology

Before commencement of plaster work it will be ensured that block work has been laid to the true line and Level.  All cut outs or voids in the block work will be filled or treated. Block work will be properly filled with mortar and pointed. Required Building services will he installed prior to commencement of plaster work. Trial panel area of work will completed and approved before commencement of plastering on all areas.

CERAMIC FLOOR AND WALL TILES, GRANITE AND TERRAZZO TILES

Ceramic tiles and fixing method will be as approved by consultant prior to procurement of same and delivery to site. Detailed method statement will be prepared specifically identifying material types, quality of finish and other important aspects upon award of the contract. Before commencement of tiling works in wet areas waterproofing of the floor will be tested and approved by consultant.

Pattern of laying tiles will be identified and clearly marked. Also setting out of the tiles level end datum will be established. Tiles delivered to site will be checked for, dimensions, integrity, quality and conformance with the material submission.

PAINTING METHODOLOGY

The specific methods to be used for the construction activity will be per contract specification and drawings.  Before painting works commence paint system has to be approved. Paint materials delivered to site have to be checked against the material approval.

Trial area of painting will be carried out and approved by the consultant. Before commencement with application surfaces will be dry and prepared for the paint as per manufacturers recommendations. Adequate protection will be arranged to avoid damage from paints spillage. Appropriate clean brushes, rollers or sprayers as required will be available for application of the painting material.

ALUMINIUM WORK

Detailed method statement will be prepared specifically identifying material types, quality of finish and other important aspects prior to commencement of aluminium works. All aluminium works will be carried out by approved subcontractor.

Material and system will be as  approved. Materials delivered to site will meet the material approval sample. Workshop drawings have to be approved by consultant. Delivered components to site will be protected from damage due to handling and transportation. Damaged components will be segregated and clearly labeled.

Every delivery will contain certification for thickness of protection coatings. Furthermore, dimension of fabricated members will be checked against approved drawings.

SUSPENDED CEILINGS

The specific methods to be used for the construction activity will be as per contract specification and drawings.  Supply and fixing of suspended ceiling system will be carried out by approved subcontractor. Before commencement of works on site materials and suspended system have to be approved by the   consultant.

Reflective ceiling plan for the layout will be prepared in close liaison with MEP Subcontractor. Co-ordinate mechanical and electrical drawing will be prepared In close liaison with MEP Subcontractor. Adequate supports will be provided for all light fixtures and diffusers.

Spacing of supports and installation of system will be carried out in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Installation level of the suspended ceiling has to be set out according to the approved shop drawings.

EXTERNAL WORKS CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY

• The external structures will be constructed according to the specifications and drawings. Installation of the interlock paving for footpaths would follow. The method statement for the external paving would be prepared.
• Grading to prepare earthworks formation.
• Spread granular sub base under paving.
• Place kerb bedding.
• Lay precast concrete kerb to level and line.
• Carry out level and alignment checks and obtain client approval.
• Place concrete foundation and haunch backing to kerb. Complete laying of sub base.
• Laying of the concrete interlocking pavers would follow.

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10 Most Popular Project Management Methodologies: An Overview

Find the right approach for you and your team!

Choosing the right project management framework is the foundation of every successful project. Project managers have a broad portfolio of proven and modern project management methodologies at their disposal. In particular, agile project management methods like Scrum and Kanban have now become absolute trend strategies.

But be careful: One-for-All does not apply in project management! Each project has individual characteristics, requirements, and risks that you should definitely consider when choosing the appropriate project management method.

In this article, we present the 10 most renowned project management solutions and show you exactly what is suitable for you and your company.

The following points will be covered in this article:

✅ Important principles for selecting your project management framework

✅ The 10 most effective project management methodologies and their key characteristics

✅ Examples for choosing the most suitable approach for your team

Project Management Methodologies: More structure and less risk

Projects aim to achieve a specific, unique goal, such as the development of new software. This must be accomplished within a certain timeframe without exceeding the predefined limits of personnel, monetary, and time resources . If project managers approach this task unprepared and disorganized, it is very likely that the project will fail.

The more complex the project, the higher the external risk factors, and the more employees involved, the more important it is to approach the project in a structured and systematic manner.

Finding “The One”

A project management methodology that represents an universal solution for all project types seems desirable. However, we must quickly abandon this thought. Projects are defined by their unique nature. They differ significantly in the following factors:

• Strategic goal alignment and company values
• Key business factors (e.g., pricing strategies)
• Stakeholder requirements
• Project risks
• Project size
• Resource availability
• Project complexity

What works for one project can be completely unsuitable for another. These individual differences require tailored approaches in project management. A one-size-fits-all solution is not capable of meeting the specific requirements and challenges of each project.

Project Management Methodologies in comparison

Agile? Lean? Waterfall? Project managers are spoilt for choice. The following project management methodologies have already established themselves in practice. Now it’s time to decide which method fits your principles and processes.

1. Waterfall Methodology

The Waterfall methodology is a traditional project management method. It proceeds step by step – like a waterfall – in these phases:

• Planning and Analysis
• Setting up the Resource Plan
• Completion of the Project

All tasks of the project are processed according to the fixed sequence of the Waterfall project management methodology. New tasks are only started when the previous ones are completed.

In the framework of the Waterfall method, the project manager plans in advance exactly the required resource deployment and aligns the entire planning of the project management process accordingly. Unlike agile project management methodologies , no feedback processes are provided within the individual project steps. The Waterfall methodology allows only minimal deviation from the pre-established resource planning.

What is this Project Management Methodology suitable for?

The Waterfall methodology is particularly suitable for projects whose tasks are dependent on each other. Projects that follow this method shouldn’t be very extensive and of short duration. Or they should include tasks that are repetitive and already known to the participants. The Waterfall methodology is well suited, for example, for projects in production that primarily involve sequential processes. These sequential phases and processes are often visualized in Waterfall project management using Gantt charts .

In the implementation of step-by-step project management frameworks, errors often become apparent only at the end of a project. Therefore, the Waterfall methodology is not well suited for projects with many unpredictable factors.

Opportunities & Risks

Unknown Fact : Although the Waterfall methodology is often seen as traditional and sequential, it did not originate in computer science or engineering. In fact, the Waterfall methodology was first introduced in an article by Dr. Winston W. Royce in 1970, where he described the project management method as problematic and prone to errors. Ironically, the Waterfall methodology still became popular. Today it’s one of the most well-known project management methodologies, even though its original creator viewed its application with reservations.

2. Agile Methodology

Originally, the Agile project management methodology was designed in 2001 by 13 industry leaders as part of the Agile Manifesto for software development. Since then, agile methodology has also proven itself as a project management framework. Agile project management questions the processes, tasks, and role distributions of traditional approaches and replaces them with a more flexible, future-oriented principle. The optimization of customer benefit is foregrounded.

The core principle of  the agile methodology is based on 12 guidelines and includes the following pillars:

• Direct and Open Communication

Agile project management methodologies are based on short, direct communication channels. When all team members are on the same level of knowledge, requests for changes can be responded to immediately and comprehensively.

• Implementation Cycles that Allow for Short-Term Changes

To optimize customer benefit, it must be possible to respond to short-term requests for changes. Instead of delivering a complete final package to the customer, which they may not be satisfied with, agile project management allows for regular feedback processes and constant improvement of the product – even during the project process!

• Implementation of Flat Hierarchies

Agile work can only be carried out in a familiar team atmosphere. Strict hierarchy prevents quick and flexible responses to requests for changes. In agile teams, each member acts on their own responsibility. Agile leaders must therefore be able to delegate tasks and responsibility and have trust in their employees.

Agile project management methodologies are flexible in their application. Therefore, they are excellently suited for large, complex projects whose requirements are unpredictable and which can entail high risks. Aligned with the principles of the Agile Manifesto, various agile implementation methods, such as Scrum and Kanban, have been developed. However, since these have also developed their own structures, roles, and terminologies, they are treated as distinct project management methods in the following. Another project management tool that is especially popular in agile project management are Mind Maps . They help organize complex information and promote creativity and collaboration within the team.

Unknown Fact: According to a survey by the PMI (Project Management Institute) , agile projects have a higher success rate compared to traditional projects. The study found that 71% of agile projects were rated as successful compared to 55% of non-agile projects.

3. Scrum Methodology

Scrum is also considered an Agile method but distinguishes itself through its own set of firm rules, roles, and processes. This project management methodology is based on the notion that extensive projects are too complex to plan precisely in advance. Thus, most of the potential risks and requirements are unclear at the start of the project. To counter this fact, Scrum involves setting up and discussing interim results.

At the beginning of the project, Scrum establishes a long-term plan (Product Backlog) . Unlike the traditional Waterfall methodology, this plan is regularly adjusted and optimized during the execution of the project. Tasks and actions associated with the project are implemented in repeating cycles (Sprints) . Each Sprint aims to present a functioning interim product.

To enable Scrum teams to achieve this, all project participants gather at the start of each day in Daily Scrums to discuss tasks, problems, and progress. The Scrum project management methodology defines the following roles within a team:

• Product Owner: A product expert who represents the project’s stakeholders and advocates the views and wishes of the customer
• Development Team: A project team (e.g., developers and designers) that is involved in the execution of the project and takes on tasks
• Scrum Master: Facilitates and supports the development team and is responsible for ensuring that Scrum is correctly implemented. He also mediates between the development team and the Product Owner. However, it’s important to note that the Scrum Master does not play a traditional boss role. He does not dictate who should complete which task

Scrum supports extensive, complex projects whose character is difficult to define in advance and therefore require a flexible project management methodology. Especially teams consisting of fewer than seven people benefit from Scrum.

Unknown Fact: Although Scrum originally emerged as a framework for software development, it was later successfully expanded to other industries, including marketing, HR, and even in the field of education.

4. Kanban Methodology

Kanban is based on regular feedback loops and teams that work independently. This Agile project management methodology was originally developed in the 1950s by Toyota in Japan . Kanban aims to optimally control each stage of a project to achieve faster throughput times.

The core principle of Kanban is effective teamwork . Short, daily stand-up meetings are practical, where all team members can discuss progress, successes, problems, and the next steps in the project.

The Kanban method visualizes project workflows using Kanban boards . Kanban boards can be created both physically and digitally.

In the classic model, tasks that are not yet being processed are listed as To-Dos in the left column of the board.

When you start working on a task, move it to the middle column of the board and mark it as Doing . The Kanban method allows all team members to decide in which order to process tasks.

Once a task is considered complete, it is moved to the right column of the Kanban board and marked as Done .

It’s important to work on only a limited number of tasks simultaneously. A key aspect of implementing Kanban in project management is that tasks are consistently prioritized to keep processes clear and organized.

If a so-called bottleneck, or task backlog, forms, your Kanban board will show a large number of Kanban cards in the To-Do or Doing column. Here you must intervene and analyze the problem.

Originally, Kanban was developed by Toyota for production and later adapted for software development by David Anderson in 2007. Nowadays, due to its transparent structures and high flexibility, Kanban can be used for any project that benefits from continuous improvements and feedback processes during its execution.

By the way: The Kanban project management methodology is perfect for personal and creative endeavours .

Unknown Fact: According to an internal analysis of companies that have implemented Kanban, the average cycle time for tasks has been reduced by up to 50%.

5. Lean Methodology

Lean aims to create value without waste. Customer benefit and process efficiency are optimized without wasting resources. The Lean project management methodology distinguishes between three different types of resource waste :

Muda refers to activities or processes that do not create value. Lean identifies potential resource wastage in seven original processes :

• Movement (of employees)
• Waiting times
• Overproduction
• Incorrect use of technology or poor manufacturing processes
• Waste and possibly rework

Mura refers to losses that occur due to unbalanced processes. If the individual process steps are not aligned, deviations, irregularities, and disruptions arise.

Muri refers to an unbalanced workload on employees and machines. According to Lean principles, processes should neither be too fast nor too slow. Ideally, Lean reduces monotonous activities without overburdening employees and overloading machines.

Since Lean (Project) Management is much more a project management philosophy than just a tool, this project management methodology is suitable for any company interested in transforming the values of their project management to save costs and other resources in the long term.

Key prerequisites for a comprehensive implementation of Lean project management are:

• Breaking up traditional thought structures and work processes
• The ability to design projects and processes flexibly
• A strong team culture
• Support from the entire leadership level
• A firm commitment to the company value of “customer proximity”

Unknown Fact: Lean project management is based on the principles of Kaizen , which means “continuous improvement” in Japanese. The constant pursuit of improvement at all levels of the company, from processes to work culture, contributes to strengthening the agility and adaptability of the organization.

10 popular project management methodologies, but only one home needed for all of them. Get the most out of your project

6. Six Sigma Methodology

The Six Sigma methodology was developed in 1987 in the USA by Motorola . Six Sigma is based on the assumption that every business process can be represented as a mathematical function. The description, measurement, analysis, control, and optimization of these processes are carried out using statistical means.

The main tool of this project management methodology is the DMAIC cycle . DMAIC aims to make business processes measurable and optimize them. The following actions determine the DMAIC cycle:

• D efine: Identification and documentation of the problem in the process to be improved. What should the target state look like?
• M easure: To what extent does the process meet the requirements?
• A nalyze: Identification of the causes of the problem
• I mprove: Resolution of the problem
• C ontrol: Ensuring the sustainability of the solution by monitoring the new process with statistical methods

The leadership of Six Sigma projects is undertaken by specially trained employees. The role designations in Six Sigma teams are based on the belt colors in Japanese martial arts, which serve as a ranking system. For example, there is the Master Black Belt (coach and trainer) or the Black Belt (project manager). A comprehensive explanation of all team roles in this project management methodology can be found here .

Six Sigma is especially popular in large companies. This project management methodology is favored in the manufacturing industry and the service sector. Variants of the Six Sigma method have also become established in software development and the financial industry. Six Sigma is ideally suited for projects with clearly measurable results and a duration of between three and six months.

Unknown Fact: The term “Six Sigma” refers to the statistical expression for a process’s ability to produce only 3.4 defects per million opportunities.

7. Critical Chain Project Management Methodology

Critical Chain project management (CCPM) is an effective project management methodology for managing projects based on the principles of the Theory of Constraints .

Unlike traditional project management approaches, CCPM focuses on the identification and management of bottlenecks in the project. The method concentrates on utilizing critical resources as effectively as possible to shorten throughput times.

The central idea behind CCPM is the creation of a critical chain of tasks, where buffer times are strategically used to account for uncertainties and fluctuations in the project’s progression.

CCPM is particularly suitable for projects with uncertain resource capacities and dynamic requirements. This includes companies from various sectors such as manufacturing, IT, construction, research, and development. The method emphasizes the prioritization of tasks and maximizing efficiency, leading to accelerated project execution. Companies that value lean and targeted project management will find CCPM a valuable method for optimal project results.

Unknown Fact: Critical Chain project management (CCPM) aims not only to identify bottlenecks but also to overcome psychological barriers. CCPM acknowledges that human uncertainty and behavior patterns can impact project performance. Therefore, the project management methodology integrates strategies to cope with uncertainty and promote a positive team environment.

8. PRINCE2 Methodology

Prince2 (Projects IN Controlled Environments) is a proven project management methodology for structured project management that is recognized worldwide.

The method is characterized by clear processes, roles, and responsibilities. Prince2 defines detailed phases in the project cycle, starting with initiation, followed by planning, execution, control, and completion. It places great importance on the involvement of stakeholders and emphasizes the regular review and adjustment of the project status.

Prince2 is particularly suitable for projects with clear definitions, fixed structures, and comprehensive documentation requirements. The method offers flexibility to adapt to various project sizes and types. Large companies with complex projects that seek a methodical approach with clear governance structures will find Prince2 to be a robust method for ensuring project success.

Unknown Fact: Prince2, with its roots in IT projects, was originally developed in the United Kingdom and introduced by the British government.

9. Extreme Programming Methodology

Extreme Programming (XP) is an Agile methodology that focuses on software development and is based on principles such as flexibility and continuous improvement.

Originally developed in 1996, XP has evolved into a versatile project management methodology. XP emphasizes direct communication, collaboration, and customer orientation. With a focus on short development cycles (iterations), Extreme Programming enables rapid adaptation to changing requirements. Pair programming, Test Driven Development (TDD), and continuous integration are key elements of XP. These methods promote high code quality and early detection of errors.

XP is particularly suitable for projects where the requirements are not clearly defined from the beginning and high flexibility is required. Companies looking for an Agile method to quickly respond to customer feedback and deliver high-quality software will find an effective solution in Extreme Programming (XP).

Unknown Fact: Extreme Programming popularized the practice of “User Stories”. User Stories are short, understandable descriptions of features or requirements from the perspective of the end-user. This method helps to improve usability and ensures that the developed features provide clear added value for the users.

10. PMI/PMBOK

PMI stands for the project management Institute which is a not-for-profit membership association, project management certification, and standards organization. Through the PMI, comes the PMBOK which is not quite a methodology but a guide detailing a set of standards that characterize project management.

PMBOK stands for the project management Body of Knowledge and is a set of standard terminology and guidelines for project management. It states that there are five process groups that are prevalent in almost every project. They are:

• Initiating : Defining the start of a new project or new phase of an existing project.
• Planning : Where the scope of the project, objectives, and how the objectives will be achieved.
• Executing : Actually doing the work defined in the project management plan.
• Monitoring and Controlling : When you need to track, review, and regulate the progress and performance.
• Closing : Concluding all activities across all Process Groups to formally close the project or phrase.

Along with this, it includes best practices, conventions, and techniques that are considered the industry standard. Regularly updating their guide to ensure that they echo the most up-to-date project management practices, the PMBOK is currently up to its seventh edition which was published in print and online in 2021.

Because it’s more of a reference guide than an actual project management methodology, you can’t implement PMI/PMBOK to a project. However, it can be used when you want to weigh in on the best practices for your project.

Unknown Fact:  The PMBOK originated from an effort to standardize the information and practices in the field of project management and was first published as a white paper in 1987.

Have you found your Favorite?

Whether it’s a start-up, a corporation, a family business, or even for private projects – the presented selection of various project management methodologies includes solutions for (almost) every team size and project character.

If you have set your sights on one of the project management frameworks, you should familiarize yourself with it thoroughly once again. Especially complex project management methodologies like Scrum or Six Sigma fill entire books and must therefore be understood in the smallest detail.

Are you missing a specific methodology in our overview or would you like to learn more about one of the methods presented? Then leave us a comment. Have you successfully implemented one of the methods? Tell us and other readers about your experiences.

As always, we look forward to hearing from you.

See you soon!

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What is Agile Methodology? (An Overview)

58 thoughts on “ 10 most popular project management methodologies: an overview ”.

Projects that require flexibility and have a level of complexity or uncertainty. For instance, a product or service that hasn’t been built by the team.

Agile is a methodology that has methodologies within itself, such as Scrum and Kanban. While some may argue that they should be considered more as frameworks, they are used to develop and deliver a product or service and carry their own set of characteristics and terminology which I think makes them worthy enough to be included on this list.

Hello, What applications are best and worst suited for the use of Agile principles? What are the challenges in using this approach that Systems Analysts and Project Managers need to be aware of?

What about research projects in Information technologies? What is the typical approach or does it very much depend on the type of domain of research?

Hi Fernando, The approach really depends on the type of domain of research. But I’ve found that agile approaches are common.

Thank you for sharing.

Brilliant overview or Synopsis. There is so much changing in project management world that it does get confusing. This article does align all ducks in a row.

Thanks, Yogesh. Appreciate your support!

Hope this message finds you doing well!

I’m an aircraft engineer and currently interested I’m learning and being certified in QM systems. Now there is a lot of information available online on different methodologies being used hence too much information is not helping. I am currently working in the manufacturing industry where all sorts of vehicles are made.

So far I understand that the methodologies that will suit my industry would be six sigma, Kaizen and LEAN; please do correct me if I am wrong or if there are others available which I have not mentioned. Now with that said. I have 2 questions.

1. Which certification recommendations do you have for engineers in the manufacturing industry.

2. What methodology do you recommend for a startup manufacturing business and which methodologies should they evolve to.

Thank you so much for your time.

Regards, Danish

Hi Danish, Regarding certification, I would recommend enquiring with someone within the manufacturing industry as they’d have more knowledge about this kind of stuff. As for methodology recommendations, as you mentioned, LEAN and Six Sigma could work, but once again, I would advise doing further research.

what methodology is best suited for hospital management?

Hi Kiran, Like most projects, it all depends. There are instances where Waterfall would be ideal, but then there are other instances where agile methodologies would best suit. I would recommend doing research beyond this article as we’re not too acquainted with hospital management. 🙂

Could you please upload all of these as well ? ITIL, PYMBOK, PMI, Prince2. Lean, Waterfall, Six Sigma (I know some of them are mentioned and some of them are not)

PLEASE KINDLY UPLOAD THEM SOON !!!!

ESPECIALLY PRINCE 2 !!!!!!!

Hi Mitz, thanks for your suggestion. I’ll be sure to add it to our list. If you have further feedback, I’d recommend sending them to our customer service team at [email protected] 🙂

Is there a number I can reach you at. I am a general contractor submitting a bid on a large project and I need to provide an awful lot of information on project methodology. I would really appreciate if I could reach out to you for a quick call.

Hi Paul, The best thing to do would be to send a quick email to [email protected] – our team will be able to get back to you and set up a time to call.

Hello Dinnie, I am from finance field. But for my project book i need information of agile methodology. As i’m Non – IT background your article helps me to undestand it in a simple way & info which is in your article helps me to write it on my project book. Thank You..!!

Glad you’ve found the article helpful. Appreciate your support, Aditi.

What methodology would you recommend for a corporate email implementation? The current system needs updating to accommodate over 2,500 staff members.

Thank you for the concise explanation. I am currently in R&D and moving towards software development. I was not familiar with any software development methodologies before. Your article was very concise to get to know some of the well-known methodologies.

Thanks, Ali. Glad you found the article helpful 🙂

ITIL, PYMBOK, PMI, Prince2. Lean, Waterfall, Six Sigma are solid methods, structures or libraries used in conjunction.

Most of the other methodologies were invented due to the high cost of software development. Agile is really done in non regulated areas due to the high cost of documentation vs development so you find a great deal of in fighting in IT environments and then there are high rates of sacking until you find a team that works well in agile, scrum, kanban together. These methods are more a process requirements to me having studied most of the methods.

I am an IT specialist and I can tell you that any construction industry laughs at agile, scrum and kanban. Only suitable for IT and it creates bullying and discrimination. If you enforce ITIL then much of agile, kanban and scrum can be heaped into one name and that would be ‘continuous objectives’ which is not a project as the definition is one of a kind. The same type of software can be built numerous different ways and therefore fails the once off unique definition.

Great insight, Daffy. Thanks for sharing.

Pmi pmbok is not a methodology. P.2, 6 edt.

Hi, I did point out that they’re not methodologies but more guides that detail a set of standards that characterize project management. Appreciate your comment. 🙂

Thanks for the article. It is easy to understand!

Glad you enjoyed it, Christelle 🙂

methodologies outlined clearly. Helpful. thanks

Appreciate your comment, Nancy. 🙂

first of all; I would like to thank you for the amazing article. secondly; If I have a design project (architectural) do you think that the best methodology for that is the Aigle?

Hi Samar, Glad you enjoyed the article 🙂 Agile isn’t the most popular method to use for design projects, however, if you feel that it could work for yours, it wouldn’t hurt to give it a go.

Hii good afternoon……Nice Info……Which company use agile method for quality assurance in software development?

Hi Nithya, I’m sure many companies use agile methods for quality assurance in software development. Unfortunately, I couldn’t tell you which exactly. Thanks for reading 🙂

Hi Good afternoon. could you suggest the best methodology for a project in putting up IT infrastructure (Hardware setup).

Hi Jay 🙂 Considering a hardware setup is a pretty standard procedure, I would recommend something along the lines of the Waterfall method. There’s a lot of planning and documentation involved, so it could be fitting. Hope that helps!

Nice Info! Let me ask: and what about “CRISP-DM” methodology for Data Mining Projects? You think is a good option for? Regards from Perú!

Hi Juanalfieri, I can’t say I’m overly experienced with CRISP-DM, so I would recommend further reading elsewhere. Thanks for the note though, I will look this up and perhaps include it in a revised version of this article 🙂

Thanks for the article. It amazing how it articulates so much knowledge, on a succinct way and gives to the user a quick and sufficient overview of the PM methods as well as the initial boost for a further research deepening down, if needed. What do you would be the best mix methods or mix of them in an ERP implementation such as SAP? Thanks in advance for your reply!

Thanks, Yannis! I haven’t had any experience with ERP implementation myself, however, as they’re usually complex projects, perhaps something agile would be ideal. This is the part where I would suggest to do further research 🙂

Good overview in a prescise manner, easily understood…

Thanks Nazima 🙂

Thanks for the article, it was very helpful.

hye, what is the best methdology for gym management system? thank u

While I’m not all too familiar with gym management systems, I can recommend Kanban. It provides great flow management and the board and cards used offer a visual structure to track various tasks/items in the one place.

Hi Dinnie, great article and very informative. I currently work in a company and we execute contract both government and private contract. I was hired in February and there were 41 contract job being worked on. Ranging from road construction to procurement/supplies etc. I am having a hard time determining which methodology to use and how to track these projects. Most of them have been completed.

Hi Chris, Construction and procurement are traditionally associated with Waterfall, however, I would advise to do further research on whether or not this would apply to your situation. Thanks for the support 🙂

What about Dev Ops methodology? Can you check explain it .

Thanks for the tip, Abdulrahman. Sounds like something that could be included in a revised version of this article.

What methodologies best suit in establishing a retail shop?

Hi Aruni, Establishing a retail shop seems to me something that may involve a few uncertainties and surprises, so I would probably recommend something Agile as they provide leeway and flexibility.

excellent article. found it very useful. Thanks a lot

Cheers Abdul. Glad it could help 🙂

Good article, very informative and helpful. Good job @Dinnie.

Thanks, Prativa 🙂

What about PRINCE2? It seems to me that PMI and PRINCE2 are quite comperable, but PMI is more common in US, while PRINCE2 in in EMEA region. Very good overview btw, great work. 🙂

Thanks, Ivan 🙂 Ah yes, PRINCE2, perhaps I’ll have to include it in a revised version of this article. Cheers for the tip!

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Here's What You Need to Understand About Research Methodology

Table of Contents

Research methodology involves a systematic and well-structured approach to conducting scholarly or scientific inquiries. Knowing the significance of research methodology and its different components is crucial as it serves as the basis for any study.

Typically, your research topic will start as a broad idea you want to investigate more thoroughly. Once you’ve identified a research problem and created research questions , you must choose the appropriate methodology and frameworks to address those questions effectively.

What is the definition of a research methodology?

Research methodology is the process or the way you intend to execute your study. The methodology section of a research paper outlines how you plan to conduct your study. It covers various steps such as collecting data, statistical analysis, observing participants, and other procedures involved in the research process

The methods section should give a description of the process that will convert your idea into a study. Additionally, the outcomes of your process must provide valid and reliable results resonant with the aims and objectives of your research. This thumb rule holds complete validity, no matter whether your paper has inclinations for qualitative or quantitative usage.

Studying research methods used in related studies can provide helpful insights and direction for your own research. Now easily discover papers related to your topic on SciSpace and utilize our AI research assistant, Copilot , to quickly review the methodologies applied in different papers.

The need for a good research methodology

While deciding on your approach towards your research, the reason or factors you weighed in choosing a particular problem and formulating a research topic need to be validated and explained. A research methodology helps you do exactly that. Moreover, a good research methodology lets you build your argument to validate your research work performed through various data collection methods, analytical methods, and other essential points.

Just imagine it as a strategy documented to provide an overview of what you intend to do.

While undertaking any research writing or performing the research itself, you may get drifted in not something of much importance. In such a case, a research methodology helps you to get back to your outlined work methodology.

A research methodology helps in keeping you accountable for your work. Additionally, it can help you evaluate whether your work is in sync with your original aims and objectives or not. Besides, a good research methodology enables you to navigate your research process smoothly and swiftly while providing effective planning to achieve your desired results.

What is the basic structure of a research methodology?

Usually, you must ensure to include the following stated aspects while deciding over the basic structure of your research methodology:

1. Your research procedure

Explain what research methods you’re going to use. Whether you intend to proceed with quantitative or qualitative, or a composite of both approaches, you need to state that explicitly. The option among the three depends on your research’s aim, objectives, and scope.

2. Provide the rationality behind your chosen approach

Based on logic and reason, let your readers know why you have chosen said research methodologies. Additionally, you have to build strong arguments supporting why your chosen research method is the best way to achieve the desired outcome.

3. Explain your mechanism

The mechanism encompasses the research methods or instruments you will use to develop your research methodology. It usually refers to your data collection methods. You can use interviews, surveys, physical questionnaires, etc., of the many available mechanisms as research methodology instruments. The data collection method is determined by the type of research and whether the data is quantitative data(includes numerical data) or qualitative data (perception, morale, etc.) Moreover, you need to put logical reasoning behind choosing a particular instrument.

4. Significance of outcomes

The results will be available once you have finished experimenting. However, you should also explain how you plan to use the data to interpret the findings. This section also aids in understanding the problem from within, breaking it down into pieces, and viewing the research problem from various perspectives.

5. Reader’s advice

Anything that you feel must be explained to spread more awareness among readers and focus groups must be included and described in detail. You should not just specify your research methodology on the assumption that a reader is aware of the topic.  

All the relevant information that explains and simplifies your research paper must be included in the methodology section. If you are conducting your research in a non-traditional manner, give a logical justification and list its benefits.

6. Explain your sample space

Include information about the sample and sample space in the methodology section. The term "sample" refers to a smaller set of data that a researcher selects or chooses from a larger group of people or focus groups using a predetermined selection method. Let your readers know how you are going to distinguish between relevant and non-relevant samples. How you figured out those exact numbers to back your research methodology, i.e. the sample spacing of instruments, must be discussed thoroughly.

For example, if you are going to conduct a survey or interview, then by what procedure will you select the interviewees (or sample size in case of surveys), and how exactly will the interview or survey be conducted.

7. Challenges and limitations

This part, which is frequently assumed to be unnecessary, is actually very important. The challenges and limitations that your chosen strategy inherently possesses must be specified while you are conducting different types of research.

The importance of a good research methodology

You must have observed that all research papers, dissertations, or theses carry a chapter entirely dedicated to research methodology. This section helps maintain your credibility as a better interpreter of results rather than a manipulator.

A good research methodology always explains the procedure, data collection methods and techniques, aim, and scope of the research. In a research study, it leads to a well-organized, rationality-based approach, while the paper lacking it is often observed as messy or disorganized.

You should pay special attention to validating your chosen way towards the research methodology. This becomes extremely important in case you select an unconventional or a distinct method of execution.

Curating and developing a strong, effective research methodology can assist you in addressing a variety of situations, such as:

• When someone tries to duplicate or expand upon your research after few years.
• If a contradiction or conflict of facts occurs at a later time. This gives you the security you need to deal with these contradictions while still being able to defend your approach.
• Gaining a tactical approach in getting your research completed in time. Just ensure you are using the right approach while drafting your research methodology, and it can help you achieve your desired outcomes. Additionally, it provides a better explanation and understanding of the research question itself.
• Documenting the results so that the final outcome of the research stays as you intended it to be while starting.

Instruments you could use while writing a good research methodology

As a researcher, you must choose which tools or data collection methods that fit best in terms of the relevance of your research. This decision has to be wise.

There exists many research equipments or tools that you can use to carry out your research process. These are classified as:

a. Interviews (One-on-One or a Group)

An interview aimed to get your desired research outcomes can be undertaken in many different ways. For example, you can design your interview as structured, semi-structured, or unstructured. What sets them apart is the degree of formality in the questions. On the other hand, in a group interview, your aim should be to collect more opinions and group perceptions from the focus groups on a certain topic rather than looking out for some formal answers.

In surveys, you are in better control if you specifically draft the questions you seek the response for. For example, you may choose to include free-style questions that can be answered descriptively, or you may provide a multiple-choice type response for questions. Besides, you can also opt to choose both ways, deciding what suits your research process and purpose better.

c. Sample Groups

Similar to the group interviews, here, you can select a group of individuals and assign them a topic to discuss or freely express their opinions over that. You can simultaneously note down the answers and later draft them appropriately, deciding on the relevance of every response.

d. Observations

If your research domain is humanities or sociology, observations are the best-proven method to draw your research methodology. Of course, you can always include studying the spontaneous response of the participants towards a situation or conducting the same but in a more structured manner. A structured observation means putting the participants in a situation at a previously decided time and then studying their responses.

Of all the tools described above, it is you who should wisely choose the instruments and decide what’s the best fit for your research. You must not restrict yourself from multiple methods or a combination of a few instruments if appropriate in drafting a good research methodology.

Types of research methodology

A research methodology exists in various forms. Depending upon their approach, whether centered around words, numbers, or both, methodologies are distinguished as qualitative, quantitative, or an amalgamation of both.

1. Qualitative research methodology

When a research methodology primarily focuses on words and textual data, then it is generally referred to as qualitative research methodology. This type is usually preferred among researchers when the aim and scope of the research are mainly theoretical and explanatory.

The instruments used are observations, interviews, and sample groups. You can use this methodology if you are trying to study human behavior or response in some situations. Generally, qualitative research methodology is widely used in sociology, psychology, and other related domains.

2. Quantitative research methodology

If your research is majorly centered on data, figures, and stats, then analyzing these numerical data is often referred to as quantitative research methodology. You can use quantitative research methodology if your research requires you to validate or justify the obtained results.

In quantitative methods, surveys, tests, experiments, and evaluations of current databases can be advantageously used as instruments If your research involves testing some hypothesis, then use this methodology.

3. Amalgam methodology

As the name suggests, the amalgam methodology uses both quantitative and qualitative approaches. This methodology is used when a part of the research requires you to verify the facts and figures, whereas the other part demands you to discover the theoretical and explanatory nature of the research question.

The instruments for the amalgam methodology require you to conduct interviews and surveys, including tests and experiments. The outcome of this methodology can be insightful and valuable as it provides precise test results in line with theoretical explanations and reasoning.

The amalgam method, makes your work both factual and rational at the same time.

Final words: How to decide which is the best research methodology?

If you have kept your sincerity and awareness intact with the aims and scope of research well enough, you must have got an idea of which research methodology suits your work best.

Before deciding which research methodology answers your research question, you must invest significant time in reading and doing your homework for that. Taking references that yield relevant results should be your first approach to establishing a research methodology.

Moreover, you should never refrain from exploring other options. Before setting your work in stone, you must try all the available options as it explains why the choice of research methodology that you finally make is more appropriate than the other available options.

You should always go for a quantitative research methodology if your research requires gathering large amounts of data, figures, and statistics. This research methodology will provide you with results if your research paper involves the validation of some hypothesis.

Whereas, if  you are looking for more explanations, reasons, opinions, and public perceptions around a theory, you must use qualitative research methodology.The choice of an appropriate research methodology ultimately depends on what you want to achieve through your research.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) about Research Methodology

1. how to write a research methodology.

You can always provide a separate section for research methodology where you should specify details about the methods and instruments used during the research, discussions on result analysis, including insights into the background information, and conveying the research limitations.

2. What are the types of research methodology?

There generally exists four types of research methodology i.e.

• Observation
• Experimental
• Derivational

3. What is the true meaning of research methodology?

The set of techniques or procedures followed to discover and analyze the information gathered to validate or justify a research outcome is generally called Research Methodology.

4. Where lies the importance of research methodology?

Your research methodology directly reflects the validity of your research outcomes and how well-informed your research work is. Moreover, it can help future researchers cite or refer to your research if they plan to use a similar research methodology.

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Free PowerPoint Consulting Proposal Templates & Slides

By Joe Weller | September 16, 2024

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We’ve gathered the top consulting proposal templates and slides in PowerPoint to help present your professional services, address company challenges, and secure deals.

Included in this article, you’ll find the following:

• Basic consulting proposal template
• HR consulting proposal template
• Strategic consulting proposal template
• Content consulting proposal template

PowerPoint Consulting Proposal Template

Download the Consulting Proposal Template for PowerPoint

When to Use This Template: Use this consulting proposal template when devising new initiatives or planning projects that require a detailed business environment analysis, strategy assessment, competitor evaluation, and demand forecasting. This versatile template is suitable for any industry.

Notable Template Features: This template provides the framework for a six-stage approach to the client’s problem or challenge, so you can develop an in-depth understanding of the problem-solving process. It also includes a 12-month timeline, allowing the client to track progress through short-term, midterm, and long-term milestones throughout the year.

Check out these  PowerPoint project proposal templates to outline deliverables and secure internal stakeholder approval for any project.

PowerPoint Basic Consulting Proposal Template

Download the Basic Consulting Proposal Template for PowerPoint

When to Use This Template: Use this basic consulting proposal template to pitch your services to potential clients. Introduce your company and team, summarize the project, list the deliverables and results, and explain your service costs.

Notable Template Features: With sections for a cover letter, a project overview and goals, key deliverables, expected results, timeline, testimonials, service packages, and next steps, this template has all the essential elements of a consulting proposal. Its straightforward design includes a table of contents, so potential clients can navigate and comprehend the information quickly.

When proposing a corporate event, consider this collection of  PowerPoint event proposal templates to illustrate the value proposition and secure funding.

PowerPoint HR Consulting Proposal Template

Download the HR Consulting Proposal Template for PowerPoint

When to Use This Template: Use this human resources (HR) consulting proposal template if your company is struggling to keep up with its expanding workforce. This template is perfect for presenting strategies for managing talent, reducing high turnover, improving your recruitment process, and assessing and improving employee engagement.

Notable Template Features: This template includes consulting proposal slides specific to HR, with sections for plans focused on improving employee engagement, employee coaching, employee benefits, team building, team performance, and leadership training. It provides space for HR-specific solutions such as hiring, training, and preparing a development curriculum.

PowerPoint Consulting Proposal for Strategy Template

Download the Consulting Proposal for Strategy Template for PowerPoint

When to Use This Template: Use this consulting proposal template to pitch your services to a large company needing long-term solutions or to present a complex project focused on strategic growth.

Notable Template Features: This comprehensive consulting proposal template helps you organize strategic elements such as market analysis, financial considerations, recommendations, and action plans. It offers slides for detailing project and growth strategy, change management and project management, change implementation, and a proposal breakdown.

PowerPoint Sample Consulting Proposal Template

Download the Blank Content Consulting Proposal Template for PowerPoint Download the Sample Content Consulting Proposal Template for PowerPoint

When to Use This Template: Use this content consulting proposal template to present marketing initiatives for complex or highly specialized subjects and provide content creation support after a product or service launch. Available with or without sample data, the template enables you to pitch advanced solutions with the power to improve sales.

Notable Template Features: This template includes sections for content marketing, blogging, and social media marketing. It also includes slides for showcasing your team, outlining the company's mission, and highlighting success stories. It helps you provide clients with a clear understanding of your company's marketing expertise.

PowerPoint Consulting Services Proposal Template

Download the Consulting Services Proposal Template for PowerPoint

When to Use This Template: Consultants can use this consulting services proposal template to present their systemic approach for overcoming any company challenge. It’s an important tool when you are in the process of winning new contracts.

Notable Template Features: This template follows the Situation-Complication-Resolution (SCR) framework, which lends a compelling narrative structure to a problem-solving process. This format helps you clearly present the company’s current position, the challenge it faces, and the solutions you would provide. It also includes a slide to convey why the team is qualified for the project, with space for detailing past successes to build credibility.

Discover more consulting proposal templates in multiple formats. 

PowerPoint Consulting Proposal Presentation Template

Download the Blank Consulting Proposal Presentation Template for PowerPoint Download the Sample Consulting Proposal Presentation Template for PowerPoint

When to Use This Template:  This consulting proposal presentation template is perfect for pitching your services and securing new contracts. Available with or without sample data, it is an ideal way to introduce your company to potential clients.

Notable Template Features:  With streamlined slides for presenting your company’s background, sharing market research and analysis, and explaining your problem-solving process, this template enables you to communicate what sets your company apart from competitors. It also includes slides for listing partners, testimonials, and awards, making it perfect for building credibility with new clients.

Check out these  PowerPoint case study presentation templates for tools to help you illustrate your experience and showcase your success stories.

Power Up Your Proposals with Real-Time Work Management in Smartsheet

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The Smartsheet platform makes it easy to plan, capture, manage, and report on work from anywhere, helping your team be more effective and get more done. Report on key metrics and get real-time visibility into work as it happens with roll-up reports, dashboards, and automated workflows built to keep your team connected and informed. 

When teams have clarity into the work getting done, there’s no telling how much more they can accomplish in the same amount of time.  Try Smartsheet for free, today.

Discover why over 90% of Fortune 100 companies trust Smartsheet to get work done.