Bantu Education Act
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- South African History Online - Bantu education and the racist compartmentalizing of education
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- Swarthmore College - Global Nonviolent Action Database - Black South Africans boycott Bantu education system, 1954-1955
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Bantu Education Act , South African law , enacted in 1953 and in effect from January 1, 1954, that governed the education of Black South African (called Bantu by the country’s government) children. It was part of the government’s system of apartheid , which sanctioned racial segregation and discrimination against nonwhites in the country.
From about the 1930s the vast majority of schools serving Black students in South Africa were run by missions and often operated with state aid. Most children, however, did not attend these schools. In 1949 the government appointed a commission, headed by anthropologist W.W.M. Eiselen, to study and make recommendations for the education of native South Africans. The Eiselen Commission Report (1951) urged the government to take charge of education for Black South Africans in order to make it part of a general socioeconomic plan for the country. In addition, the report stated that the schooling should be tailored toward the needs and values of the cultures of the communities in which the schools were located. The prescriptions of the commission were generally followed by the Bantu Education Act.
Under the act, the Department of Native Affairs, headed by Hendrik Verwoerd , was made responsible for the education of Black South Africans; in 1958 the Department of Bantu Education was established. The act required Black children to attend the government schools. Teaching was to take place in the students’ native tongue, though the syllabus included classes in English and Afrikaans . Instruction was mandated in needlework (for girls), handcraft, planting, and soil conservation as well as in arithmetic , social studies, and Christian religion. The education was aimed at training the children for the manual labour and menial jobs that the government deemed suitable for those of their race, and it was explicitly intended to inculcate the idea that Black people were to accept being subservient to white South Africans. Funding for the schools was to come from taxes paid by the communities that they served, so Black schools received only a small fraction of the amount of money that was available to their white counterparts. As a result, there was a profound shortage of qualified teachers, and teacher-student ratios ranged from 40–1 to 60–1. An attempt by activists to establish alternative schools (called cultural clubs because such schools were illegal under the education act) that would give children a better education had collapsed by the end of the 1950s.
High schools were initially concentrated in the Bantustans , reserves that the government intended as homelands for Black South Africans. However, during the 1970s the need for better-trained Black workers resulted in the opening of high schools in Soweto , outside Johannesburg . Nonwhite students were barred from attending open universities by the Extension of University Education Act (1959). The Bantu Education Act was replaced by the Education and Training Act of 1979. Mandatory segregation in education ended with the passage of the South African Schools Act in 1996, but decades of substandard education and barriers to entrance to historically white schools had left the majority of Black South Africans far behind in educational achievement by the beginning of the 21st century.
The introduction of Bantu education and the question of resistance, co-operation, non-collaboration or defiance?: the struggle for African schooling with special reference to Cape Town, 1945-1960
| dc.contributor.advisor | Kallaway, Peter | Cameron, Michael James | 2024-07-23T13:07:55Z | 2024-07-23T13:07:55Z | 1986 | 2024-07-22T13:00:21Z | The purpose of the Bantu Education Act was to extend the state's direct political control over African communities: African resistance modified this control and shaped the implementation of Bantu Education. Through the centralization of the administration and the financing of African schooling the state was able to accommodate an increasing demand for schooling at a reduced cost per pupil. Control of these schools was exercised through inspectors and through statutory School Committees and School Boards. A secondary purpose of Bantu Education was to provide suitably skilled and co-operative workers to meet the needs of a growing industrial economy. The major national resistance to state control came from the A.N.C. in the form of the Bantu Education Campaign. This plan that parents should withdraw their children from state schools from 1 April 1955 received wide support in the East Rand and Eastern Cape areas. African opposition to the intervention by the state also influenced the outcome of Bantu Education - it defined the limits of the state's control and it increased the need to supply an acceptably academic education. A case study of the implementation of Bantu Education in Cape Town illustrates the above contentions. Not only were School Boards and Committees used to regulate the schools, also the selective opening of schools in the new official location and closing of other schools in “non-African” areas point to Bantu Education being used as a lever to resettle Africans. Economically the expansion of African schooling coincided with a rapid growth in Cape Town's industry but there was no simple correspondence between the two. The response to the A.N.C call to withdraw pupils from schools in Cape Town was limited not because of the absence of traditions of resistance in the City but because of divisions between resistance movements. The defiant proposal of the A.N.C was condemned by the Cape African Teachers' Association (and the Unity Movement) as shifting the burden of the struggle onto the children. The conflict between the two bodies concerned more than tactical differences since they refused to co-operate even when their tactics were the same. (e.g. to boycott School Boards and School Committees). The failure to unite resistance to Bantu Education in Cape Town arose essentially from the fact that the local A.N.C. and C.A.T.A. branches were linked to opposing movements for national liberation, viz. The Congress Alliance and the Non-European Unity Movement respectively. The latter body called on Africans not to collaborate by participating on School Boards or voting for School Committees. | Cameron, M. J. (1986). <i>The introduction of Bantu education and the question of resistance, co-operation, non-collaboration or defiance?: the struggle for African schooling with special reference to Cape Town, 1945-1960</i>. (). ,Faculty of Humanities ,School of Education. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11427/40467 | en_ZA | Cameron, Michael James. <i>"The introduction of Bantu education and the question of resistance, co-operation, non-collaboration or defiance?: the struggle for African schooling with special reference to Cape Town, 1945-1960."</i> ., ,Faculty of Humanities ,School of Education, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/40467 | en_ZA | Cameron, M.J. 1986. The introduction of Bantu education and the question of resistance, co-operation, non-collaboration or defiance?: the struggle for African schooling with special reference to Cape Town, 1945-1960. . ,Faculty of Humanities ,School of Education. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/40467 | en_ZA | TY - Thesis / Dissertation AU - Cameron, Michael James AB - The purpose of the Bantu Education Act was to extend the state's direct political control over African communities: African resistance modified this control and shaped the implementation of Bantu Education. Through the centralization of the administration and the financing of African schooling the state was able to accommodate an increasing demand for schooling at a reduced cost per pupil. Control of these schools was exercised through inspectors and through statutory School Committees and School Boards. A secondary purpose of Bantu Education was to provide suitably skilled and co-operative workers to meet the needs of a growing industrial economy. The major national resistance to state control came from the A.N.C. in the form of the Bantu Education Campaign. This plan that parents should withdraw their children from state schools from 1 April 1955 received wide support in the East Rand and Eastern Cape areas. African opposition to the intervention by the state also influenced the outcome of Bantu Education - it defined the limits of the state's control and it increased the need to supply an acceptably academic education. A case study of the implementation of Bantu Education in Cape Town illustrates the above contentions. Not only were School Boards and Committees used to regulate the schools, also the selective opening of schools in the new official location and closing of other schools in “non-African” areas point to Bantu Education being used as a lever to resettle Africans. Economically the expansion of African schooling coincided with a rapid growth in Cape Town's industry but there was no simple correspondence between the two. The response to the A.N.C call to withdraw pupils from schools in Cape Town was limited not because of the absence of traditions of resistance in the City but because of divisions between resistance movements. The defiant proposal of the A.N.C was condemned by the Cape African Teachers' Association (and the Unity Movement) as shifting the burden of the struggle onto the children. The conflict between the two bodies concerned more than tactical differences since they refused to co-operate even when their tactics were the same. (e.g. to boycott School Boards and School Committees). The failure to unite resistance to Bantu Education in Cape Town arose essentially from the fact that the local A.N.C. and C.A.T.A. branches were linked to opposing movements for national liberation, viz. The Congress Alliance and the Non-European Unity Movement respectively. The latter body called on Africans not to collaborate by participating on School Boards or voting for School Committees. DA - 1986 DB - OpenUCT DP - University of Cape Town KW - Education LK - https://open.uct.ac.za PY - 1986 T1 - The introduction of Bantu education and the question of resistance, co-operation, non-collaboration or defiance?: the struggle for African schooling with special reference to Cape Town, 1945-1960 TI - The introduction of Bantu education and the question of resistance, co-operation, non-collaboration or defiance?: the struggle for African schooling with special reference to Cape Town, 1945-1960 UR - http://hdl.handle.net/11427/40467 ER - | en_ZA | http://hdl.handle.net/11427/40467 | Cameron MJ. The introduction of Bantu education and the question of resistance, co-operation, non-collaboration or defiance?: the struggle for African schooling with special reference to Cape Town, 1945-1960. []. ,Faculty of Humanities ,School of Education, 1986 [cited yyyy month dd]. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/40467 | en_ZA | eng | School of Education | Faculty of Humanities | Education | The introduction of Bantu education and the question of resistance, co-operation, non-collaboration or defiance?: the struggle for African schooling with special reference to Cape Town, 1945-1960 | Thesis / Dissertation | Masters |
| dc.type.qualificationlevel | MEd |
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13 Bibliography of Bantu Education Act 1953
Over the years, several books and journals have been written to help us see the Bantu Education Act and it’s effects in different perspectives.
Many of these books are not published online because of the inaccessibility of internet facilities as at then. However, a search through University libraries and historic archives will help you get one of these publications.
Here is a bibliography of sources related to the Bantu Education Act of 1953:
1. Bantu Education: A Discussion of the Separate Educational Facilities for Non-White South Africans
Bibliography.
Department of Bantu Education. Bantu Education: A Discussion of the Separate Educational Facilities for Non-White South Africans. Pretoria: Government Printer, 1954.
This government publication provides an overview of the Bantu Education system, including its objectives, curriculum, and funding.
2. The Political Economy of Race and Class in South Africa
Magubane, Bernard M. The Political Economy of Race and Class in South Africa. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1979.
This book examines the ways in which race and class intersect in the context of South African society, including the impact of apartheid policies like Bantu Education on economic inequality and social mobility. Available on Google Books
3. The Bantu Education Act and Its Consequences
Motala, Shirin. “The Bantu Education Act and Its Consequences.” South African Journal of Education 23, no. 3 (2003): 206-210.
This journal article examines the impact of the Bantu Education Act on educational opportunities and outcomes for non-white South Africans, including the ways in which it perpetuated systemic inequality.
4. Separate and Unequal: The Bantu Education Act and South African Apartheid
Spiegel, A. D. “Separate and Unequal: The Bantu Education Act and South African Apartheid.” The Journal of Negro Education 69, no. 3 (2000): 192-202.
This journal article explores the connection between the Bantu Education Act and the broader system of racial discrimination and oppression known as apartheid, including the ways in which it reinforced social and economic inequality.
Related: 47 Questions and Answers Based on Bantu Education Act
5. The Bantu Education Act and African Resistance in South Africa
Walker, Cherryl. “The Bantu Education Act and African Resistance in South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies 4, no. 2 (1978): 157-177.
This journal article examines the ways in which black South Africans resisted the Bantu Education system through various forms of protest and activism, including boycotts, demonstrations, and civil disobedience.
6. The Bantu Education Act and South African Education, 1953-1968
Webster, Eddie. “The Bantu Education Act and South African Education, 1953-1968.” Journal of African History 13, no. 4 (1972): 637-654.
This journal article provides a historical overview of the Bantu Education system, including its origins, implementation, and evolution over time, as well as the ways in which it shaped the educational landscape of South Africa more broadly.
7. The Bantu Education Act: A Failure of Democracy
Wilson, Francis. “The Bantu Education Act: A Failure of Democracy.” South African Journal of Education 31, no. 4 (2011): 440-452.
This journal article argues that the Bantu Education Act was a failure of democracy, as it denied non-white South Africans the right to a quality education and perpetuated systemic inequality, thereby undermining the principles of democratic governance.
8. The Making of Bantu Education: A Historical Overview
Bundy, Colin. “The Making of Bantu Education: A Historical Overview.” Journal of Curriculum Studies 18, no. 5 (1986): 423-431.
This article provides a historical analysis of the development of Bantu Education in South Africa and how it served the interests of the apartheid government. It also explores the resistance to Bantu Education and the role of education in the struggle against apartheid. It remains an important resource on the topic.
Related: 10 Effects & Impact of Bantu Education Act in South Africa
9. A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present
Lulat, Y. G.-M. A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis. Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005.
This book provides a comprehensive history of higher education in Africa, including a discussion of the impact of apartheid-era policies like Bantu Education on access to higher education and academic freedom. Available on Google Books
10. Bantu Education, Colonialism and Christian National Education
Saleh, Fatima. “Bantu Education, Colonialism and Christian National Education: The Origins of Apartheid Education in South Africa.” Journal of Pan African Studies 3, no. 7 (2010): 146-159.
This journal article examines the historical roots of the Bantu Education system, including its connections to colonialism and Christian National Education, as well as the ways in which it was used to promote white supremacy.
11. Inscribing Race on the Body: The Logic of Apartheid Education
Soudien, Crain. “Inscribing Race on the Body: The Logic of Apartheid Education.” Comparative Education Review 38, no. 2 (1994): 168-185.
This journal article analyzes the ways in which the Bantu Education system was designed to reinforce and perpetuate racial inequality in South Africa, including the ways in which it inscribed race onto the bodies and minds of black South Africans.
12. From Christian National Education to Bantu Education
Van der Walt, Johannes L. “From Christian National Education to Bantu Education: The Evolution of Apartheid Education, 1924-1954.” Journal of Educational Studies 11, no. 1 (2012): 77-99.
This book explores the complex relationships between education, equality, and human rights, including a discussion of the impact of apartheid-era policies like Bantu Education on the educational opportunities and outcomes of marginalized groups in South Africa.
13. Apartheid and Education: The Education of Black South Africans
Horrell, Muriel. Apartheid and Education: The Education of Black South Africans. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1978.
This book examines the impact of apartheid policies on the education of black South Africans and how education was used as a tool for resistance and liberation. It provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of apartheid on South African society and remains an important resource on the topic.
Related: Bantu Education Act Essay (300 Words) + PDF
These books and articles provide a range of perspectives on the Bantu Education Act of 1953 and its impact on South African society.
They explore the political, social, economic, and historical factors that led to the creation of this system, as well as its consequences for education, equality, and human rights in South Africa.
By examining the complex relationships between race, class, gender, and other forms of social difference, they offer insights into the ongoing struggles for justice and equality in the post-apartheid era.
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The history of Bantu education: 1948-1994
| Authors | Wills, Ivan Raymond |
|---|---|
| Qualification name | Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) |
| Abstract | This thesis is a critical analysis of the history of Bantu education under apartheid. Bantu Education was implemented by the South African apartheid government as part of its general policy of separation and stratification of the races in society. This research, using historicalcomparative methodology, examines the role of ideology in education and the state, the shifts in ideology and representations of schooling – designed to train and fit Africans for their role in the evolving apartheid society. In this thesis it is argued that Bantu Education was a segregated system of schooling for lowskilled occupation and domestication. This research examines the nexus between African Education and the social production process during this period. References will be made to the evolution of African education from 1948 to 1994, in order to give a clear background of Native Education, under apartheid. The thesis analyses the way the Bantu Education policy directly affected the school curriculum, and access to schooling, in order to reinforce racial inequalities and social stratification. The Apartheid regime advocated that native education should be based on the principle of trusteeship, non-equality, and segregation. The aim of the Bantu Education policy was to inculcate the white man’s view of life, especially that of the Boer nation (Afrikaners), which was the senior trustee. This research project demonstrates that the outcomes of Bantu Education hampered South Africa’s cultural, economic and scientific progress. |
| Year | 2011 |
| Publisher | Australian Catholic University |
| Digital Object Identifier (DOI) | |
| Research Group | |
| Final version | Wills_2011_The_history_of_Bantu_education.pdf |
| Publication dates | 01 Mar 2011 |
https://acuresearchbank.acu.edu.au/item/87yx2/the-history-of-bantu-education-1948-1994
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Evalds, Victoria K. The "Bantu Education" System: A Bibliographic Essay.
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Segregated schools of thought: The Bantu Education Act (1953) revisited
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Academic literature on the topic 'Bantu Education Act (1953)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Bantu Education Act (1953)"
Hunter, Mark. "THE BOND OF EDUCATION: GENDER, THE VALUE OF CHILDREN, AND THE MAKING OF UMLAZI TOWNSHIP IN 1960s SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of African History 55, no. 3 (September 22, 2014): 467–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853714000383.
Ball, Tyler Scott. "Sof’town Sleuths: The Hard-Boiled Genre Goes to Jo’Burg." Cambridge Journal of Postcolonial Literary Inquiry 5, no. 1 (November 27, 2017): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pli.2017.38.
Verhoef, M. "Funksionele meertaligheid in Suid-Afrika: 'n onbereikbare ideaal?" Literator 19, no. 1 (April 26, 1998): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/lit.v19i1.511.
Campbell, Kurt. "Philological Reversion in Post-Apartheid South Africa: The Sand Writing and Alternate Alphabets of Willem Boshoff." Philological Encounters 3, no. 4 (November 27, 2018): 524–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519197-12340053.
giliomee, hermann. "A NOTE ON BANTU EDUCATION, 1953 TO 1970." South African Journal of Economics 77, no. 1 (March 2009): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1813-6982.2009.01193.x.
Klein, Melanie. "Creating the Authentic? Art Teaching in South Africa as Transcultural Phenomenon." Culture Unbound 6, no. 7 (December 15, 2014): 1347–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.1461347.
Bologna, Matthew Joseph. "The United States and Sputnik: A Reassessment of Dwight D. Eisenhower's Presidential Legacy." General: Brock University Undergraduate Journal of History 3 (December 18, 2018): 29–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/gbuujh.v3i0.1722.
Mária, Péter H. "Commemoration of Kárpáti Gizella, the first woman who took her degree in medical science in Kolozsvár at Ferenc József University." Bulletin of Medical Sciences 91, no. 1 (July 1, 2018): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/orvtudert-2018-0001.
Kolbiarz Chmelinová, Katarina. "University Art History in Slovakia after WWII and its Sovietization in 1950s." Artium Quaestiones , no. 30 (December 20, 2019): 161–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/aq.2019.30.8.
Anderson, R. Bentley. "‘To Save a Soul’: Catholic Mission Schools, Apartheid, and the 1953 Bantu Education Act." Journal of Religious History , May 21, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.12664.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Bantu Education Act (1953)"
Moore, Nadine Lauren. "In a class of their own : the Bantu Education Act (1953) revisited." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53445.
Leleki, Msokoli William. "A Critical Response of the English Speaking Churches to the Introduction and Implementation of Bantu Education Act in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/46253.
Rundle, Margaret. "Accommodation or confrontation? Some responses to the Eiselen commission report and the Bantu education act with special reference to the Methodist church of South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19520.
Legodi, Mapula Rosina. "Issues and trends in shaping black perspectives on education in South Africa : a historical-educational survey and appraisal." Diss., 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17195.
Legodi, Mapula Rosina. "The transformation of education in South Africa since 1994 : a historical-educational survey and evaluation." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/17196.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
Department of Native Affairs. "Bantu Education.". Policy for the Immediate Future. Statement by Vervoerd H. F. Pretoria: Information Services of the Department of Native Affairs, 1954. Google Scholar. IV. The "Bantu Education" System Post 1953. Descriptions of the "Bantu Education" System. Books and Monographs.
A bibliography of Bantu education in the Union, 1949-1959. Author: Laetitia Potgieter. Print Book, English, 1959. Publisher:School of Librarianship, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 1959. Series: Bibliographical series (University of Cape Town. School of Librarianship) Genre:Bibliographies. Physical Description:24 leaves.
A book compiled by Laetitia Potgieter for the School of Librarianship, University of Cape Town, in 1959. It lists sources on Bantu education, a policy of racial segregation and inferiorization of black people in South Africa.
A Current Bibliography on African Affairs. This essay will attempt to identify and describe materials pertinent to the study of the system of "Bantu education" implemented by the South African government after the passage of the Bantu Education Act in 1953. The included works discuss the background, structure and implications of this system.
Bantu Education Act, South African law, enacted in 1953, that governed the education of Black South African children. It was part of the government's system of separate development (apartheid) for different racial groups and was aimed at training Black children for menial jobs. Learn more about the law and its effects.
A NOTE ON BANTU EDUCATION, 1953 TO 1970. Hermann Giliomee, Hermann Giliomee. University of Stellenbosch. Search for more papers by this author. Hermann Giliomee, Hermann Giliomee. University of Stellenbosch. Search for more papers by this author. First published: 31 March 2009.
A rare book by Laetitia Potgieter, compiled in 1959 as a librarianship project. It lists sources on education during the early years of apartheid in South Africa.
segregated schools in the American south. 16. One of the pivotally important aspects of the Bantu Education Act of 1953, is. the fact that the education of black pupils was placed solely in the ...
The purpose of the Bantu Education Act was to extend the state's direct political control over African communities: African resistance modified this control and shaped the implementation of Bantu Education. Through the centralization of the administration and the financing of African schooling the state was able to accommodate an increasing demand for schooling at a reduced cost per pupil.
Current bibliographical sources in education = sources d'information bibliographiques courantes sur l'education = Fuentes bibliograficas actuales en materia de educacion / prepared by the International Bureau of Education; Selective check lists of bibliographical scholarship, 1949-1955
Bantu education in the Union, 1949-1959; a bibliography. Imprint [Cape Town] School of Librarianship, University of Cape Town, 1965. Physical description 24 p. Series Bibliographical series (University of Cape Town. School of Librarianship) Online. Available online
Bantu Education was. another--more thoroughgoing-response. BANTU EDUCATION IN THE 1950s. So far, the essential points of continuity between Bantu Education and the education of blacks which went before it have been stressed, locating both in a reproduction of labour needed for the capitalist accumulation process.
A list of books and journals that explore the history, impact, and resistance of the Bantu Education system in South Africa. The Bantu Education Act was a racist policy that segregated and inferiorized non-white education under apartheid.
A PhD dissertation by Ivan Wills that critically analyses the role of ideology and hegemony in Bantu Education under apartheid. It examines the curriculum, access, and outcomes of Bantu Education and its impact on South African society and culture.
A CURRENT BIBLIOGRAPHY ON AFRICAN AFFAIRS, Vol. 10(3),1977-78 FEATURES VICTORIA K. EVA LOS This essay will attempt to identify and describe materials pertinent to the study of the system of "Bantu education" implemented by the South African govern ment after the passage of the Bantu Education Act in 1953. The included works discuss the background, structure and implications of this system.
(The Bantu Education Act of 1953 governed the education of Black South Africans and focused on preparing them for manual labour [Giliomee, 2009].) This period was known as apartheid liberalisation ...
References will be made to the evolution of African education from 1948 to 1994, in order to give a clear background of Native Education, under apartheid. The thesis analyses the way the Bantu Education policy directly affected the school curriculum, and access to schooling, in order to reinforce racial inequalities and social stratification.
Crossref reports the following articles citing this article: Victoria K. Evalds The "Bantu Education" System: A Bibliographic Essay, A Current Bibliography on African Affairs 10, no.3 3 (Mar 1978): 219-242.
"Evalds, Victoria K. The "Bantu Education" System: A Bibliographic Essay.," African Ephemera Collection, accessed August 28, 2024, https://collections.libraries ...
This becomes clearer when the relationship between Bantu Education. and the reproduction of labour is examined more closely. The reproduction of labour is a two-fold process, involving on the one ...
Published in New Contree 30 December 2017. Education, History, Political Science. New Contree. Various political parties, civil rights groups and columnists support the view that one of South Africa's foremost socio-economic challenges is overcoming the scarring legacy which the Bantu Education Act of 1953 left on the face of the country.
The South African Bantu Education Act. BY DR. R. H. W. SHEPHERD. Dr. Shepherd has been Prtncipal of Lovedale, the famous Chgrch of Scotland African instit"tion, since 1942. He went there as chaplain in 1927 after serving as a missionary in Tembgland. He went to Sogth Africa in 1919 and is a distinguished authority on Bantu educatior.
The 1953 Bantu Education Act became infamous for limiting African educational opportunities. Yet this article shows how women in Umlazi Township, outside of Durban, schooled their children - despite and indeed because of apartheid's oppressive educational and urban policies. ... Add to bibliography APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other ...