kinetics chemistry experiments

Experimental Methods in Reaction Kinetics

• First Online: 13 May 2021

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• Ernő Keszei   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-1458-5201 2  

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Most important goal of kinetic experiments is to explore and identify a correct mechanism of reactions. To this end, it is desirable to identify all components involved in the reaction and follow the temporal evolution of their concentration. This chapter describes experimental methods in reaction kinetics; it includes most methods and reactors used nowadays within the timescale from a few days down to a few femtoseconds. It does not deal with actual technical details of the implementation of methods, as these technical details comprise a great variety of solutions and devices used, and many of them becomes obsolete quite quickly. Instead, basic principles of classical methods, batch and flow reactors, relaxation and laser photolysis from millisecond to femtosecond timescale are treated concentrating on the initiation of the reactions, the measurement of reaction time and the detection of time-dependent concentrations with the appropriate time resolution.

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The very first quantitative kinetic measurement was made using a polarimeter. Ludwig Ferdinand Wilhelmy (1812–1864) German physical chemist determined the rate coefficient of acid-catalysed hydrolysis of saccharose (common table sugar). Saccharose is dextrorotatory (rotates the plane of polarised light right), while the products of hydrolysis – glucose and fructose – laevorotatory (rotate it left). (This is the reason to call this process sugar inversion .) The paper reporting results has been published in the journal Annalen der Physik und Chemie , volume 81, pp. 413–433 in 1850.

French mathematician and physicist Pierre Bouguer (1698–1758) was the first (prior to 1729) to recognise the exponential law of light intensity attenuation when it passes across atmospheric air. Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728–1777) Swiss mathematician and physicist cited this result and applied the law in a publication in 1760. It was August Beer (1825–1863) German physicist and chemist who related the exponential attenuation to concentration in solutions. The usual name in English literature is Beer–Lambert law, but it is also called Beer’s law or Lambert–Beer law. Less frequently, the name Beer–Lambert–Bouguer law is also used.

The literal meaning of goniometer is an instrument to measure angle; it is coined from two ancient Greek nouns: γωνία (angle) and μέτρον (measure). In science, a controlling device which allows an object to be rotated to a precise angular position is also called a goniometer.

The literal meaning of the Latin word is ‘forerunner’. It is a participle consisting of the preposition prae (before, in front of) and the verb currere (run, rush).

Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976) was a German physicist; one of the founders of quantum mechanics (Nobel-prize in physics 1932). He had oriented German nuclear research during WW II to building nuclear reactors instead of developing bombs. He published the uncertainty principle – later named after him – in 1927. This principle states the inherent property of wave mechanical quantities being pairs of Fourier transforms (like position and momentum, time and energy) that both of them cannot be concentrated in an arbitrarily small region. This has been later formulated by mathematicians as a theorem proved, extending it to any function pairs that are each other’s Fourier transforms.

The name femtochemistry was coined by the pioneer of the field, the 1999 Chemistry Nobel-prize winner, Egyptian-American physical chemist Ahmed Zewail (1946–2016), when trying to find a suitable name discussing with his colleague, Richard B. Bernstein (1923–1990), an American physical chemist.

Further Reading

Pilling MJ, Seakins PW (1995) Reaction kinetics. Oxford University Press, Oxford

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de Paula J, Atkins PW (2014) Physical chemistry. 10th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford

Silbey LJ, Alberty RA, Moungi GB (2004) Physical chemistry. 4th edn. Wiley, New York

Steinfeld JI, Francisco JS, Hase WL (1998) Chemical kinetics and dynamics. 2nd edn. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs

Davis ME, Davis RJ (2003) Fundamentals of chemical reaction engineering. McGraw-Hill, New York

Andrews DL (1997) Lasers in chemistry. Springer, Berlin

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Keszei E (2009) Efficient model-free deconvolution of measured femtosecond kinetic data using genetic algorithm. J Chemom 23:188–196

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Keszei, E. (2021). Experimental Methods in Reaction Kinetics. In: Reaction Kinetics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68574-4_7

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Principles of chemical science, lecture 32: kinetics: reaction mechanisms.

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Chemists experimentally determine rate laws and then use that experimental information to propose reaction mechanisms. In an overall reaction, some steps will be fast and others slow. One step can be so slow that it governs the overall rate of the reaction; it is the rate-determining step. Learn how to predict reaction mechanisms using the steady-state approximation as well as information about fast and slow steps.

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chemical kinetics

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• Purdue University - Chemical Kinetics
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chemical kinetics , the branch of physical chemistry that is concerned with understanding the rates of chemical reactions . It is to be contrasted with thermodynamics , which deals with the direction in which a process occurs but in itself tells nothing about its rate. Thermodynamics is time’s arrow, while chemical kinetics is time’s clock. Chemical kinetics relates to many aspects of cosmology , geology , biology , engineering , and even psychology and thus has far-reaching implications . The principles of chemical kinetics apply to purely physical processes as well as to chemical reactions.

One reason for the importance of kinetics is that it provides evidence for the mechanisms of chemical processes. Besides being of intrinsic scientific interest, knowledge of reaction mechanisms is of practical use in deciding what is the most effective way of causing a reaction to occur. Many commercial processes can take place by alternative reaction paths, and knowledge of the mechanisms makes it possible to choose reaction conditions that favour one path over others.

A chemical reaction is, by definition, one in which chemical substances are transformed into other substances, which means that chemical bonds are broken and formed so that there are changes in the relative positions of atoms in molecules . At the same time, there are shifts in the arrangements of the electrons that form the chemical bonds. A description of a reaction mechanism must therefore deal with the movements and speeds of atoms and electrons. The detailed mechanism by which a chemical process occurs is referred to as the reaction path, or pathway.

The vast amount of work done in chemical kinetics has led to the conclusion that some chemical reactions go in a single step; these are known as elementary reactions. Other reactions go in more than one step and are said to be stepwise, composite, or complex. Measurements of the rates of chemical reactions over a range of conditions can show whether a reaction proceeds by one or more steps. If a reaction is stepwise, kinetic measurements provide evidence for the mechanism of the individual elementary steps. Information about reaction mechanisms is also provided by certain nonkinetic studies, but little can be known about a mechanism until its kinetics has been investigated. Even then, some doubt must always remain about a reaction mechanism. An investigation, kinetic or otherwise, can disprove a mechanism but can never establish it with absolute certainty.

Reaction rate

The rate of a reaction is defined in terms of the rates with which the products are formed and the reactants (the reacting substances) are consumed . For chemical systems it is usual to deal with the concentrations of substances, which is defined as the amount of substance per unit volume. The rate can then be defined as the concentration of a substance that is consumed or produced in unit time. Sometimes it is more convenient to express rates as numbers of molecules formed or consumed in unit time.

A useful rate measure is the half-life of a reactant, which is defined as the time that it takes for half of the initial amount to undergo reaction. For a special type of kinetic behaviour (first-order kinetics; see below Some kinetic principles ), the half-life is independent of the initial amount. A common and straightforward example of a half-life independent of the initial amount is radioactive substances. Uranium -238, for example, decays with a half-life of 4.5 billion years; of an initial amount of uranium, half of that amount will have decayed in that period of time. The same behaviour is found in many chemical reactions.

Even when the half-life of a reaction varies with the initial conditions, it is often convenient to quote a half-life, bearing in mind that it applies only to the particular initial conditions. Consider, for example, the reaction in which hydrogen and oxygen gases combine to form water ; the chemical equation is 2H 2 + O 2 → 2H 2 O. If the gases are mixed together at atmospheric pressure and room temperature , nothing observable will happen over long periods of time. However, reaction does occur, with a half-life that is estimated to be more than 12 billion years, which is roughly the age of the universe. If a spark is passed through the system, the reaction occurs with explosive violence, with a half-life of less than one-millionth of a second. This is a striking example of the great range of rates with which chemical kinetics is concerned. There are many possible processes that proceed too slowly to be studied experimentally, but sometimes they can be accelerated, often by the addition of a substance known as a catalyst . Some reactions are even faster than the hydrogen-oxygen explosion—for example, the combination of atoms or molecular fragments (called free radicals) where all that occurs is the formation of a chemical bond . Some modern kinetic investigations are concerned with even faster processes, such as the breakdown of highly energetic and therefore transient molecules , where times of the order of femtoseconds (fs; 1 fs = 10 –15 second) are involved.

The best way to study exceedingly slow reactions is to change the conditions so that the reactions occur in a reasonable time. Increasing the temperature, which can have a strong effect on the reaction rate, is one possibility. If the temperature of a hydrogen-oxygen mixture is raised to about 500 °C (900 °F), reaction then occurs rapidly, and its kinetics has been studied under those conditions. When a reaction occurs to a measurable extent over a period of minutes, hours, or days, rate measurements are straightforward. Amounts of reactants or products are measured at various times, and the rates are readily calculated from the results. Many automated systems have now been devised for measuring rates in this way.

68 Best Chemistry Experiments: Learn About Chemical Reactions

Whether you’re a student eager to explore the wonders of chemical reactions or a teacher seeking to inspire and engage your students, we’ve compiled a curated list of the top 68 chemistry experiments so you can learn about chemical reactions.

While the theories and laws governing chemistry can sometimes feel abstract, experiments bridge the gap between these concepts and their tangible manifestations. These experiments provide hands-on experiences illuminating the intricacies of chemical reactions, molecular structures, and elemental properties.

1. Covalent Bonds

By engaging in activities that demonstrate the formation and properties of covalent bonds, students can grasp the significance of these bonds in holding atoms together and shaping the world around us.

Learn more: Covalent Bonds

2. Sulfuric Acid and Sugar Demonstration

Through this experiment, students can develop a deeper understanding of chemical properties, appreciate the power of chemical reactions, and ignite their passion for scientific exploration.

3. Make Hot Ice at Home

Making hot ice at home is a fascinating chemistry experiment that allows students to witness the captivating transformation of a liquid into a solid with a surprising twist.

4. Make a Bouncing Polymer Ball

This hands-on activity not only allows students to explore the fascinating properties of polymers but also encourages experimentation and creativity.

Learn more: Thought Co

5. Diffusion Watercolor Art

This experiment offers a wonderful opportunity for students to explore the properties of pigments, observe how they interact with water, and discover the mesmerizing patterns and textures that emerge.

Learn more: Diffusion Watercolor Art

6. Exploding Baggie

The exploding baggie experiment is a captivating and dynamic demonstration that students should engage in with caution and under the supervision of a qualified instructor.

Learn more: Exploding Baggie

7. Color Changing Chemistry Clock

This experiment not only engages students in the world of chemical kinetics but also introduces them to the concept of a chemical clock, where the color change acts as a timekeeping mechanism.

Learn more: Color Changing Chemistry Clock

8. Pipe Cleaner Crystal Trees

By adjusting the concentration of the Borax solution or experimenting with different pipe cleaner arrangements, students can customize their crystal trees and observe how it affects the growth patterns.

Learn more: Pipe Cleaner Crystal Trees

9. How To Make Ice Sculptures

Through this experiment, students gain a deeper understanding of the physical and chemical changes that occur when water freezes and melts.

Learn more: Ice Sculpture

10. How to Make Paper

Through this hands-on activity, students gain a deeper understanding of the properties of cellulose fibers and the transformative power of chemical reactions.

Learn more: How to Make Paper

11. Color Changing Chemistry

Color changing chemistry is an enchanting experiment that offers a captivating blend of science and art. Students should embark on this colorful journey to witness the mesmerizing transformations of chemicals and explore the principles of chemical reactions.

12. Gassy Banana

The gassy banana experiment is a fun and interactive way for students to explore the principles of chemical reactions and gas production.

Learn more: Gassy Banana

13. Gingerbread Man Chemistry Experiment

This hands-on activity not only introduces students to the concepts of chemical leavening and heat-induced reactions but also allows for creativity in decorating and personalizing their gingerbread creations.

Learn more: Gingerbread Man Chemistry Experiment

14. Make Amortentia Potion

While the love potion is fictional, this activity offers a chance to explore the art of potion-making and the chemistry behind it.

Learn more: How to Make Amortentia Potion

15. Strawberry DNA Extraction

This hands-on experiment offers a unique opportunity to observe DNA, the building blocks of life, up close and learn about its structure and properties.

16. Melting Snowman

The melting snowman experiment is a fun and whimsical activity that allows students to explore the principles of heat transfer and phase changes.

Learn more: Melting Snowman

17. Acid Base Cabbage Juice

The acid-base cabbage juice experiment is an engaging and colorful activity that allows students to explore the pH scale and the properties of acids and bases.

By extracting the purple pigment from red cabbage leaves and creating cabbage juice, students can use this natural indicator to identify and differentiate between acidic and basic substances.

Learn more: Acid Base Cabbage Juice

18. Magic Milk

The magic milk experiment is a mesmerizing and educational activity that allows students to explore the concepts of surface tension and chemical reactions.

By adding drops of different food colors to a dish of milk and then introducing a small amount of dish soap, students can witness a captivating display of swirling colors and patterns.

Learn more: Magic Milk

19. Melting Ice with Salt and Water

Through this hands-on activity, students can gain a deeper understanding of the science behind de-icing and how different substances can influence the physical properties of water.

Learn more: Melting Ice with Salt and Water

20. Barking Dog Chemistry Demonstration

The barking dog chemistry demonstration is an exciting and visually captivating experiment that showcases the principles of combustion and gas production.

21. How to Make Egg Geodes

Making egg geodes is a fascinating and creative chemistry experiment that students should try. By using common materials like eggshells, salt, and food coloring, students can create their own beautiful geode-like crystals.

Learn more: How to Make Egg Geodes

22. Make Sherbet

This experiment not only engages the taste buds but also introduces concepts of acidity, solubility, and the chemical reactions that occur when the sherbet comes into contact with moisture.

Learn more: Make Sherbet

23. Hatch a Baking Soda Dinosaur Egg

As the baking soda dries and hardens around the toy, it forms a “shell” resembling a dinosaur egg. To hatch the egg, students can pour vinegar onto the shell, causing a chemical reaction that produces carbon dioxide gas.

Learn more: Steam Powered Family

24. Chromatography Flowers

By analyzing the resulting patterns, students can gain insights into the different pigments present in flowers and the science behind their colors.

Learn more: Chromatography Flowers

25. Turn Juice Into Solid

Turning juice into a solid through gelification is an engaging and educational chemistry experiment that students should try. By exploring the transformation of a liquid into a solid, students can gain insights of chemical reactions and molecular interactions.

Learn more: Turn Juice into Solid

26. Bouncy Balls

Making bouncy balls allows students to explore the fascinating properties of polymers, such as their ability to stretch and rebound.

 27. Make a Lemon Battery

Creating a lemon battery is a captivating and hands-on experiment that allows students to explore the fundamentals of electricity and chemical reactions.

28. Mentos and Soda Project

The Mentos and soda project is a thrilling and explosive experiment that students should try. By dropping Mentos candies into a bottle of carbonated soda, an exciting eruption occurs.

29. Alkali Metal in Water

The reaction of alkali metals with water is a fascinating and visually captivating chemistry demonstration.

30. Rainbow Flame

The rainbow flame experiment is a captivating and visually stunning chemistry demonstration that students should explore.

31. Sugar Yeast Experiment

This experiment not only introduces students to the concept of fermentation but also allows them to witness the effects of a living organism, yeast, on the sugar substrate.

32. The Thermite Reaction

The thermite reaction is a highly energetic and visually striking chemical reaction that students can explore with caution and under proper supervision.

This experiment showcases the principles of exothermic reactions, oxidation-reduction, and the high temperatures that can be achieved through chemical reactions.

33. Polishing Pennies

Polishing pennies is a simple and enjoyable chemistry experiment that allows students to explore the concepts of oxidation and cleaning methods.

34. Elephant Toothpaste

The elephant toothpaste experiment is a thrilling and visually captivating chemistry demonstration that students should try with caution and under the guidance of a knowledgeable instructor.

35. Magic Potion

Creating a magic potion is an exciting and imaginative activity that allows students to explore their creativity while learning about the principles of chemistry.

36. Color Changing Acid-Base Experiment

Through the color changing acid-base experiment, students can gain a deeper understanding of chemical reactions and the role of pH in our daily lives.

Learn more: Color Changing Acid-Base Experiment

37. Fill up a Balloon

Filling up a balloon is a simple and enjoyable physics experiment that demonstrates the properties of air pressure. By blowing air into a balloon, you can observe how the balloon expands and becomes inflated.

38. Jello and Vinegar

The combination of Jello and vinegar is a fascinating and tasty chemistry experiment that demonstrates the effects of acid on a gelatin-based substance.

Learn more: Jello and Vinegar

39. Vinegar and Steel Wool Reaction

This experiment not only provides a visual demonstration of the oxidation process but also introduces students to the concept of corrosion and the role of acids in accelerating the process.

Learn more: Vinegar and Steel Wool Reaction

40. Dancing Rice

The dancing rice experiment is a captivating and educational demonstration that showcases the principles of density and buoyancy.

By pouring a small amount of uncooked rice into a clear container filled with water, students can witness the rice grains moving and “dancing” in the water.

Learn more: Dancing Rice

41. Soil Testing Garden Science

Soil testing is a valuable and informative experiment that allows students to assess the composition and properties of soil.

By collecting soil samples from different locations and analyzing them, students can gain insights into the nutrient content, pH level, and texture of the soil.

Learn more: Soil Testing Garden Science

42. Heat Sensitive Color Changing Slime

Creating heat-sensitive color-changing slime is a captivating and playful chemistry experiment that students should try.

Learn more: Left Brain Craft Brain

43. Experimenting with Viscosity

Experimenting with viscosity is an engaging and hands-on activity that allows students to explore the flow properties of liquids.

Viscosity refers to a liquid’s resistance to flow, and this experiment enables students to investigate how different factors affect viscosity.

Learn more: Experimenting with Viscosity

44. Rock Candy Science

Rock candy science is a delightful and educational chemistry experiment that students should try. By growing their own rock candy crystals, students can learn about crystal formation and explore the principles of solubility and saturation.

Learn more: Rock Candy Science

45. Baking Soda vs Baking Powder

Baking soda and baking powder have distinct properties that influence the leavening process in different ways.

This hands-on experiment provides a practical understanding of how these ingredients interact with acids and moisture to create carbon dioxide gas.

46. Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions Experiment

The endothermic and exothermic reactions experiment is an exciting and informative chemistry exploration that students should try.

By observing and comparing the heat changes in different reactions, students can gain a deeper understanding of energy transfer and the concepts of endothermic and exothermic processes.

Learn more: Education.com

47. Diaper Chemistry

By dissecting a diaper and examining its components, students can uncover the chemical processes that make diapers so effective at absorbing and retaining liquids.

Learn more: Diaper Chemistry

48. Candle Chemical Reaction

The “Flame out” experiment is an intriguing and educational chemistry demonstration that students should try. By exploring the effects of a chemical reaction on a burning candle, students can witness the captivating moment when the flame is extinguished.

49. Make Curds and Whey

This experiment not only introduces students to the concept of acid-base reactions but also offers an opportunity to explore the science behind cheese-making.

Learn more: Tinkerlab

50. Grow Crystals Overnight

By creating a supersaturated solution using substances like epsom salt, sugar, or borax, students can observe the fascinating process of crystal growth. This experiment allows students to explore the principles of solubility, saturation, and nucleation.

Learn more: Grow Crystals Overnight

51. Measure Electrolytes in Sports Drinks

The “Measure Electrolytes in Sports Drinks” experiment is an informative and practical chemistry activity that students should try.

By using simple tools like a multimeter or conductivity probe, students can measure the electrical conductivity of different sports drinks to determine their electrolyte content.

52. Oxygen and Fire Experiment

The oxygen and fire experiment is a captivating and educational chemistry demonstration that students should try. By observing the effects of oxygen on a controlled fire, students can witness the essential role of oxygen in supporting combustion.

53. Electrolysis Of Water

The electrolysis of water experiment is a captivating and educational chemistry demonstration that students should try.

Learn more: Electrolysis Of Water

54. Expanding Ivory Soap

The expanding Ivory Soap experiment is a fun and interactive chemistry activity that students should try. By placing a bar of Ivory soap in a microwave, students can witness the remarkable expansion of the soap as it heats up.

Learn more: Little Bins Little Hands

55. Glowing Fireworks

This experiment not only introduces students to the principles of pyrotechnics and combustion but also encourages observation, critical thinking, and an appreciation for the physics and chemistry behind.

Learn more: Glowing Fireworks

56. Colorful Polymer Chemistry

Colorful polymer chemistry is an exciting and vibrant experiment that students should try to explore polymers and colorants.

By combining different types of polymers with various colorants, such as food coloring or pigments, students can create a kaleidoscope of colors in their polymer creations.

Learn more: Colorful Polymer Chemistry

57. Sulfur Hexafluoride- Deep Voice Gas

This experiment provides a firsthand experience of how the density and composition of gases can influence sound transmission.

It encourages scientific curiosity, observation, and a sense of wonder as students witness the surprising transformation of their voices.

58. Liquid Nitrogen Ice Cream

Liquid nitrogen ice cream is a thrilling and delicious chemistry experiment that students should try. By combining cream, sugar, and flavorings with liquid nitrogen, students can create ice cream with a unique and creamy texture.

59. White Smoke Chemistry Demonstration

The White Smoke Chemistry Demonstration provides an engaging and visually captivating experience for students to explore chemical reactions and gases. By combining hydrochloric acid and ammonia solutions, students can witness the mesmerizing formation of white smoke.

60. Nitrogen Triiodide Chemistry Demonstration

The nitrogen triiodide chemistry demonstration is a remarkable and attention-grabbing experiment that students should try under the guidance of a knowledgeable instructor.

By reacting iodine crystals with concentrated ammonia, students can precipitate nitrogen triiodide (NI3), a highly sensitive compound.

61. Make a Plastic- Milk And Vinegar Reaction Experiment

Through the “Make a Plastic – Milk and Vinegar Reaction” experiment, students can gain a deeper understanding of the chemistry behind plastics, environmental sustainability, and the potential of biodegradable materials.

Learn more: Rookie Parenting

62. Eno and Water Experiment

This experiment not only introduces students to acid-base reactions but also engages their senses as they witness the visible and audible effects of the reaction.

63. The Eternal Kettle Experiment

By filling a kettle with alcohol and igniting it, students can investigate the behavior of the alcohol flame and its sustainability.

64. Coke and Chlorine Bombs

Engaging in this experiment allows students to experience the wonders of chemistry firsthand, making it an ideal choice to ignite their curiosity and passion for scientific exploration.

65. Set your Hand on Fire

This experiment showcases the fascinating nature of combustion and the science behind fire.

By carefully following proper procedures and safety guidelines, students can witness firsthand how the sanitizer’s high alcohol content interacts with an open flame, resulting in a brief but captivating display of controlled combustion.

66. Instant Ice Experiments

The Instant Ice Experiment offers an engaging and captivating opportunity for students to explore the wonders of chemistry and phase changes.

By using simple household ingredients, students can witness the fascinating phenomenon of rapid ice formation in just a matter of seconds.

67. Coke Cans in Acid and Base

Engaging in this experiment allows students to gain a deeper understanding of the chemical properties of substances and the importance of safety protocols in scientific investigations.

68. Color Changing Invisible Ink

The Color Changing Invisible Ink experiment offers an intriguing and fun opportunity for students to explore chemistry and learn about the concept of chemical reactions.

Learn more: Research Parent

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Reaction Chemistry & Engineering

Closed-loop identification of enzyme kinetics applying model-based design of experiments †.

* Corresponding authors

a Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany E-mail: [email protected]

b Institute of Process Systems Engineering, Hamburg University of Technology, Schwarzenberg-Campus 4, D-21073 Hamburg, Germany

Accurate kinetic models for enzyme catalysed reactions are integral to process development and optimisation. However, the collection of useful kinetic data is heavily dependent on the experimental design and execution. In order to reduce the limitations associated with traditional statistical design and manual experiments, this study introduces an integrated, automated approach to identifying kinetic models based on model-based optimal experimental design. The immobilised formate dehydrogenase of Candida boidinii catalyses the enzymatic reduction of NAD + to NADH and is used as a model system. Continuous collection of UV/Vis data under steady-state conditions is employed to determine the kinetic parameters in a packed bed reactor. Automation of the experimental work was utilised in Python to compensate for the need for more time-consuming data collection. A completely automated closed-loop system was created and appropriate kinetic models for anticipating process dynamics were identified. The automated platform was able to identify the correct kinetic model out of eight candidate models with only 15 experiments. Further extension of the design space improved model discrimination and led to a properly parameterized kinetic model with sufficeintly high parameter precision for the conditions under examination.

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Closed-loop identification of enzyme kinetics applying model-based design of experiments

L. Hennecke, L. Schaare, M. Skiborowski and A. Liese, React. Chem. Eng. , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4RE00127C

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Ordered mesoporous carbon as adsorbent for the removal of a triphenylmethane dye from its aqueous solutions.

1. Introduction

2.1. characterisation of the metal and halide free omc, 2.1.1. fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction, 2.1.2. electron microscopy, 2.1.3. nitrogen gas physisorption, 2.1.4. interpretation of characterization results, 2.2. batch adsorption studies, 2.2.1. preliminary tests under batch conditions, effect of solution ph, effect of adsorbent dosage, effect of dye concentration, effect of contact time, 2.2.2. isotherms investigations, langmuir isotherm and thermodynamic parameters, freundlich isotherm, temkin isotherm, dubinin–radushkevitch (d-r) isotherm, 2.2.3. adsorption kinetics, reaction mechanism explication, 2.2.4. comparative batch adsorption, 2.3. continuous adsorption/desorption in a fixed bed column, 2.3.1. dye adsorption in omc fixed bed column, 2.3.2. regeneration of column and dye recovery, 2.3.3. determination of column efficiency, 3. materials and methods, 3.1. chemicals, 3.2. synthesis of metal and halide free omc, 3.3. materials characterisation, 3.4. instruments for adsorption experiments, 3.5. adsorption batch experiments, 3.6. fixed bed column operations, 3.6.1. dye adsorption in omc fixed bed column, 3.6.2. desorption of column and dye retrieval, 3.6.3. determination of column efficiency, 4. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Gaur, B.; Mittal, J.; Hassan, H.; Mittal, A.; Baker, R.T. Ordered Mesoporous Carbon as Adsorbent for the Removal of a Triphenylmethane Dye from Its Aqueous Solutions. Molecules 2024 , 29 , 4100. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174100

Gaur B, Mittal J, Hassan H, Mittal A, Baker RT. Ordered Mesoporous Carbon as Adsorbent for the Removal of a Triphenylmethane Dye from Its Aqueous Solutions. Molecules . 2024; 29(17):4100. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174100

Gaur, Bharti, Jyoti Mittal, Hadi Hassan, Alok Mittal, and Richard T. Baker. 2024. "Ordered Mesoporous Carbon as Adsorbent for the Removal of a Triphenylmethane Dye from Its Aqueous Solutions" Molecules 29, no. 17: 4100. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174100

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