slavery at the cape essay

• Subject List
• Take a Tour
• For Authors
• Subscriber Services
• Publications
• African American Studies
• African Studies
• American Literature
• Anthropology
• Architecture Planning and Preservation
• Art History

Atlantic History

• Biblical Studies
• British and Irish Literature
• Childhood Studies
• Chinese Studies
• Cinema and Media Studies
• Communication
• Criminology
• Environmental Science
• Evolutionary Biology
• International Law
• International Relations
• Islamic Studies
• Jewish Studies
• Latin American Studies
• Latino Studies
• Linguistics
• Literary and Critical Theory
• Medieval Studies
• Military History
• Political Science
• Public Health
• Renaissance and Reformation
• Social Work
• Urban Studies
• Victorian Literature
• Browse All Subjects

How to Subscribe

• Free Trials

In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Slavery in the Cape Colony, South Africa

Introduction, general overviews.

• Bibliographies
• Published Source Material
• Slavery in the Dutch Cape Colony
• Slavery in the British Cape Colony
• Cape Slave Trade
• Slave Biographies
• Slavery in Cape Town
• Slavery and Gender
• Slave Resistance
• Slave Culture and Religion
• Slave Emancipation
• Remembering and Commemorating Cape Slavery

Related Articles Expand or collapse the "related articles" section about

About related articles close popup.

Lorem Ipsum Sit Dolor Amet

Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Aliquam ligula odio, euismod ut aliquam et, vestibulum nec risus. Nulla viverra, arcu et iaculis consequat, justo diam ornare tellus, semper ultrices tellus nunc eu tellus.

• Abolitionism and Africa
• African Ports
• Atlantic Slavery
• Colonialism and Postcolonialism
• Dutch Atlantic World
• Slave Owners in the British Atlantic
• Slavery in Africa

Other Subject Areas

Forthcoming articles expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section.

• Ecology and Nineteenth-Century Anglophone Atlantic Literature
• Maritime Literature
• The History of Mary Prince (1831)
• Find more forthcoming articles...
• Export Citations
• Share This Facebook LinkedIn Twitter

Slavery in the Cape Colony, South Africa by Nigel Worden LAST REVIEWED: 21 February 2023 LAST MODIFIED: 21 February 2023 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199730414-0379

Slavery was a key feature of the Cape Colony in South Africa from the establishment of the colony by the Dutch East India Company (DEIC) in the 1650s, throughout the period of DEIC and Dutch Batavian rule in the 18th and early 19th centuries, and under British rule until the abolition of slavery in the British Empire in the 1830s. Until the abolition of the slave trade in 1808, slaves were imported from a wide range of areas in the Indian Ocean world, including India, Sri Lanka, maritime southeast Asia, Madagascar, and Mozambique. Children born to slave women in the Cape Colony were also slaves and this was the sole source after the abolition of the slave trade. Slaves played a major role in the economy and society of the Cape Colony and during the DEIC period there were as many, or more, slaves than settlers. Most lived in Cape Town or on the arable farms of the southwestern Cape, although slaves were also located in the pastoral northern and eastern districts of the colony. Only a few were manumitted before general emancipation in the 1830s. Slaves worked on settler farms alongside some of the Indigenous Khoesan inhabitants of the Cape. The slaves, Khoesan, and their descendants subsequently became the main laboring class of the colonial Cape region of South Africa and the legacy of their impoverishment remains to this day. Raiding for slaves also took place on the frontiers of the Dutch colony and examples of forced and captive labor existed in the interior regions of South Africa when these were occupied by settlers from the Cape in the 19th century.

Historians of South Africa long neglected the topic of slavery, with the only study being De Kock 1950 . The first major works of analysis were Ross 1983 and Worden 1985 which disputed the prevailing idea that Cape slavery was relatively benign and instead emphasized its coercive nature. Armstrong and Worden 1989 is a good introduction for undergraduates to this revisionist scholarship. Shell 1994 challenged some of these arguments and focused on the social role of slavery within Cape households. Mason 2003 examined the world of the Cape from a slave perspective, concentrating on the British period. Dooling and Worden 2017 gives a brief introductory account of the current state of scholarship. Mountain 2004 is a less academic overview. Eldredge and Morton 1994 explores the impact of Cape slave raiding on the South African interior while Ross 2009 sets slavery in the wider context of Cape colonial economy and society. Ross 2009 is also a good introduction for those unfamiliar with early South African history.

Armstrong, James C., and Nigel Worden. “The Slaves, 1652–1834.” In The Shaping of South African Society, 1652–1840 . 2d ed. Edited by Richard Elphick and Hermann Giliomee, 109–183. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman, 1989.

Overview of Cape slavery which provides a good introduction to the subject. Topics include the slave trade, demography of the slave population, slavery and the economy, the slave experience, and the ending of slavery. Also available in Afrikaans.

De Kock, Victor. Those in Bondage: An Account of the Life of the Slave at the Cape in the Days of the Dutch East India Company . Cape Town: Timmins, 1950.

The first monograph study containing much anecdotal material and arguing that Cape slavery was mild, now dated in its approach.

Dooling, Wayne, and Nigel Worden. “Slavery in South Africa.” In Good Hope: South Africa and the Netherlands from 1600 . Edited by Martine Gosselink, Maria Holtrop, and Robert Ross, 119–136. Amsterdam: Rijksmuseum Uitgeverij Vantilt, 2017.

Brief overview which formed part of the catalogue of a major exhibition held in Amsterdam. The chapter contains cameo studies of specific slaves.

Eldredge, Elizabeth, and Fred Morton, eds. Slavery in South Africa: Captive Labor on the Dutch Frontier . Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1994.

Collection of essays on the existence and nature of slavery and slave raiding on and beyond the boundaries of the Cape Colony. Copublished by Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press.

Mason, John Edwin. Social Death and Resurrection: Slavery and Emancipation in South Africa . Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2003.

Important study including detailed microstudies to probe the slave experience and the psychological impact of slavery on both owners and slaves, with a focus on the British period.

Mountain, Alan. An Unsung Heritage: Perspectives on Slavery . Cape Town: David Philip, 2004.

Illustrated account of Cape slavery with a guide to slave heritage sites in the Western Cape. Not an academic work but well informed and a good introduction to the topic written in an accessible style.

Ross, Robert. Cape of Torments: Slavery and Resistance in South Africa . London: Routledge, 1983.

The first major study of Cape slavery, focusing on the varied forms of slave resistance and explaining the lack of mass rebellions. The main sources used are judicial records housed in the Netherlands.

Ross, Robert. “Khoesan and Immigrants: The Emergence of Colonial Society in the Cape, 1500–1800.” In The Cambridge History of South Africa, Vol. 1, From Early Times to 1885 . Edited by Carolyn Hamilton, Bernard Mbenga and Robert Ross, 168–210. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Overview of the nature of early Cape colonial society by one of its leading historians that sets slavery into a wider context.

Shell, Robert. Children of Bondage: A Social History of the Slave Society at the Cape of Good Hope, 1652–1838 . Hanover and London: Wesleyan University Press, 1994.

Major work drawing on extensive new research, with a strong quantitative focus. Argues that slave control was primarily through paternalism in the context of owner families. Copublished by Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press.

Worden, Nigel. Slavery in Dutch South Africa . Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

One of the first revisionist studies of Cape slavery in the Dutch colonial period covering economic, demographic, and social aspects, including forms of resistance, with comparisons to Atlantic slave societies. Argues that slavery was a key element in the racial divides of preindustrial South Africa.

back to top

Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on this page. Please subscribe or login .

Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here .

• About Atlantic History »
• Meet the Editorial Board »
• Abolition of Slavery
• Africa and the Atlantic World
• African American Religions
• African Religion and Culture
• African Retailers and Small Artisans in the Atlantic World
• Age of Atlantic Revolutions, The
• Alexander von Humboldt and Transatlantic Studies
• America, Pre-Contact
• American Revolution, The
• Anti-Catholicism and Anti-Popery
• Army, British
• Art and Artists
• Asia and the Americas and the Iberian Empires
• Atlantic Biographies
• Atlantic Creoles
• Atlantic History and Hemispheric History
• Atlantic Migration
• Atlantic New Orleans: 18th and 19th Centuries
• Atlantic Trade and the British Economy
• Atlantic Trade and the European Economy
• Bacon's Rebellion
• Barbados in the Atlantic World
• Barbary States
• Berbice in the Atlantic World
• Black Atlantic in the Age of Revolutions, The
• Bolívar, Simón
• Borderlands
• Bourbon Reforms in the Spanish Atlantic, The
• Brazil and Africa
• Brazilian Independence
• Britain and Empire, 1685-1730
• British Atlantic Architectures
• British Atlantic World
• Buenos Aires in the Atlantic World
• Cabato, Giovanni (John Cabot)
• Cannibalism
• Captain John Smith
• Captivity in Africa
• Captivity in North America
• Caribbean, The
• Cartier, Jacques
• Catholicism
• Cattle in the Atlantic World
• Central American Independence
• Central Europe and the Atlantic World
• Chartered Companies, British and Dutch
• Chinese Indentured Servitude in the Atlantic World
• Church and Slavery
• Cities and Urbanization in Portuguese America
• Citizenship in the Atlantic World
• Class and Social Structure
• Coastal/Coastwide Trade
• Cod in the Atlantic World
• Colonial Governance in Spanish America
• Colonial Governance in the Atlantic World
• Colonization, Ideologies of
• Colonization of English America
• Communications in the Atlantic World
• Comparative Indigenous History of the Americas
• Confraternities
• Constitutions
• Continental America
• Cook, Captain James
• Cortes of Cádiz
• Cosmopolitanism
• Credit and Debt
• Creek Indians in the Atlantic World, The
• Creolization
• Criminal Transportation in the Atlantic World
• Crowds in the Atlantic World
• Death in the Atlantic World
• Demography of the Atlantic World
• Diaspora, Jewish
• Diaspora, The Acadian
• Disease in the Atlantic World
• Domestic Production and Consumption in the Atlantic World
• Domestic Slave Trades in the Americas
• Dreams and Dreaming
• Dutch Brazil
• Dutch Caribbean and Guianas, The
• Early Modern Amazonia
• Early Modern France
• Economy and Consumption in the Atlantic World
• Economy of British America, The
• Edwards, Jonathan
• Emancipation
• Empire and State Formation
• Enlightenment, The
• Environment and the Natural World
• Europe and Africa
• Europe and the Atlantic World, Northern
• Europe and the Atlantic World, Western
• European Enslavement of Indigenous People in the Americas
• European, Javanese and African and Indentured Servitude in...
• Evangelicalism and Conversion
• Female Slave Owners
• First Contact and Early Colonization of Brazil
• Fiscal-Military State
• Forts, Fortresses, and Fortifications
• Founding Myths of the Americas
• France and Empire
• France and its Empire in the Indian Ocean
• France and the British Isles from 1640 to 1789
• Free People of Color
• Free Ports in the Atlantic World
• French Army and the Atlantic World, The
• French Atlantic World
• French Emancipation
• French Revolution, The
• Gender in Iberian America
• Gender in North America
• Gender in the Atlantic World
• Gender in the Caribbean
• George Montagu Dunk, Second Earl of Halifax
• Georgia in the Atlantic World
• German Influences in America
• Germans in the Atlantic World
• Giovanni da Verrazzano, Explorer
• Glorious Revolution
• Godparents and Godparenting
• Great Awakening
• Green Atlantic: the Irish in the Atlantic World
• Guianas, The
• Haitian Revolution, The
• Hanoverian Britain
• Havana in the Atlantic World
• Hinterlands of the Atlantic World
• Histories and Historiographies of the Atlantic World
• Hunger and Food Shortages
• Iberian Atlantic World, 1600-1800
• Iberian Empires, 1600-1800
• Iberian Inquisitions
• Idea of Atlantic History, The
• Impact of the French Revolution on the Caribbean, The
• Indentured Servitude
• Indentured Servitude in the Atlantic World, Indian
• India, The Atlantic Ocean and
• Indigenous Knowledge
• Indigo in the Atlantic World
• Internal Slave Migrations in the Americas
• Interracial Marriage in the Atlantic World
• Ireland and the Atlantic World
• Iroquois (Haudenosaunee)
• Islam and the Atlantic World
• Itinerant Traders, Peddlers, and Hawkers
• Jamaica in the Atlantic World
• Jefferson, Thomas
• Jews and Blacks
• Labor Systems
• Land and Propert in the Atlantic World
• Language, State, and Empire
• Languages, Caribbean Creole
• Latin American Independence
• Law and Slavery
• Legal Culture
• Leisure in the British Atlantic World
• Letters and Letter Writing
• Literature and Culture
• Literature of the British Caribbean
• Literature, Slavery and Colonization
• Liverpool in The Atlantic World 1500-1833
• Louverture, Toussaint
• Manumission
• Maps in the Atlantic World
• Maritime Atlantic in the Age of Revolutions, The
• Markets in the Atlantic World
• Maroons and Marronage
• Marriage and Family in the Atlantic World
• Material Culture in the Atlantic World
• Material Culture of Slavery in the British Atlantic
• Medicine in the Atlantic World
• Mental Disorder in the Atlantic World
• Mercantilism
• Merchants in the Atlantic World
• Merchants' Networks
• Migrations and Diasporas
• Minas Gerais
• Mining, Gold, and Silver
• Missionaries
• Missionaries, Native American
• Money and Banking in the Atlantic Economy
• Monroe, James
• Morris, Gouverneur
• Music and Music Making
• Napoléon Bonaparte and the Atlantic World
• Nation and Empire in Northern Atlantic History
• Nation, Nationhood, and Nationalism
• Native American Histories in North America
• Native American Networks
• Native American Religions
• Native Americans and Africans
• Native Americans and the American Revolution
• Native Americans and the Atlantic World
• Native Americans in Cities
• Native Americans in Europe
• Native North American Women
• Native Peoples of Brazil
• Natural History
• Networks for Migrations and Mobility
• Networks of Science and Scientists
• New England in the Atlantic World
• New France and Louisiana
• New York City
• Nineteenth-Century Atlantic World
• Nineteenth-Century France
• Nobility and Gentry in the Early Modern Atlantic World
• North Africa and the Atlantic World
• Northern New Spain
• Novel in the Age of Revolution, The
• Oceanic History
• Pacific, The
• Paine, Thomas
• Papacy and the Atlantic World
• People of African Descent in Early Modern Europe
• Pets and Domesticated Animals in the Atlantic World
• Philadelphia
• Philanthropy
• Phillis Wheatley
• Plantations in the Atlantic World
• Poetry in the British Atlantic
• Political Participation in the Nineteenth Century Atlantic...
• Polygamy and Bigamy
• Port Cities, British
• Port Cities, British American
• Port Cities, French
• Port Cities, French American
• Port Cities, Iberian
• Ports, African
• Portugal and Brazile in the Age of Revolutions
• Portugal, Early Modern
• Portuguese Atlantic World
• Poverty in the Early Modern English Atlantic
• Pre-Columbian Transatlantic Voyages
• Pregnancy and Reproduction
• Print Culture in the British Atlantic
• Proprietary Colonies
• Protestantism
• Quebec and the Atlantic World, 1760–1867
• Race and Racism
• Race, The Idea of
• Reconstruction, Democracy, and United States Imperialism
• Red Atlantic
• Refugees, Saint-Domingue
• Religion and Colonization
• Religion in the British Civil Wars
• Religious Border-Crossing
• Religious Networks
• Representations of Slavery
• Republicanism
• Rice in the Atlantic World
• Rio de Janeiro
• Russia and North America
• Saint Domingue
• Saint-Louis, Senegal
• Salvador da Bahia
• Scandinavian Chartered Companies
• Science and Technology (in Literature of the Atlantic Worl...
• Science, History of
• Scotland and the Atlantic World
• Sea Creatures in the Atlantic World
• Second-Hand Trade
• Settlement and Region in British America, 1607-1763
• Seven Years' War, The
• Sex and Sexuality in the Atlantic World
• Shakespeare and the Atlantic World
• Ships and Shipping
• Slave Codes
• Slave Names and Naming in the Anglophone Atlantic
• Slave Owners In The British Atlantic
• Slave Rebellions
• Slave Resistance in the Atlantic World
• Slave Trade and Natural Science, The
• Slave Trade, The Atlantic
• Slavery and Empire
• Slavery and Fear
• Slavery and the Family
• Slavery, Atlantic
• Slavery, Health, and Medicine
• Slavery in Brazil
• Slavery in British America
• Slavery in British and American Literature
• Slavery in Danish America
• Slavery in Dutch America and the West Indies
• Slavery in New England
• Slavery in North America, The Growth and Decline of
• Slavery in the Cape Colony, South Africa
• Slavery in the French Atlantic World
• Slavery, Native American
• Slavery, Public Memory and Heritage of
• Slavery, The Origins of
• Slavery, Urban
• Sociability in the British Atlantic
• Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts...
• South Atlantic
• South Atlantic Creole Archipelagos
• South Carolina
• Sovereignty and the Law
• Spain, Early Modern
• Spanish America After Independence, 1825-1900
• Spanish American Port Cities
• Spanish Atlantic World
• Spanish Colonization to 1650
• Subjecthood in the Atlantic World
• Sugar in the Atlantic World
• Swedish Atlantic World, The
• Technology, Inventing, and Patenting
• Textiles in the Atlantic World
• Texts, Printing, and the Book
• The American West
• The Danish Atlantic World
• The French Lesser Antilles
• The Fur Trade
• The Spanish Caribbean
• Time(scapes) in the Atlantic World
• Toleration in the Atlantic World
• Transatlantic Political Economy
• Travel Writing (in the Atlantic World)
• Tudor and Stuart Britain in the Wider World, 1485-1685
• Universities
• USA and Empire in the 19th Century
• Venezuela and the Atlantic World
• Visual Art and Representation
• War and Trade
• War of 1812
• War of the Spanish Succession
• Warfare in Spanish America
• Warfare in 17th-Century North America
• Warfare, Medicine, and Disease in the Atlantic World
• West Indian Economic Decline
• Whitefield, George
• Whiteness in the Atlantic World
• William Blackstone
• William Shakespeare, The Tempest (1611)
• William Wilberforce
• Witchcraft in the Atlantic World
• Women and the Law
• Women Prophets
• Privacy Policy
• Cookie Policy
• Legal Notice
• Accessibility

Powered by:

• [66.249.64.20|91.193.111.216]
• 91.193.111.216

History Grade 10 - Topic 2 Essay Questions

Published date, last updated.

Impact of Slave Trade and Colonisation on Indigenous Societies at the Cape

Based on the 2012 Grade 10 NSC Exemplar Paper:

Grade 10 Past Exam Paper

Grade 10 Source Addendum

Grade 10 Past Exam Memo

"The slave trade had a huge impact on the indigenous people living in the Cape in the 18th Century."  Do you agree with this statement? Substantiate your answer by using relevant examples. 

In 1602 The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was established to trade spices, silks and calico with the East Indies. [1] These voyages took months and as a result the Dutch established a refreshment post at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. Initially, the Dutch did not plan to colonize the Cape, but rather wanted to trade goods, such as alcohol and tabacco with the Khoikhoi for sheep and cattle. [2] However, after the refreshment post was established employees of the company became settlers who farmed with vegetables and bought livestock from the Khoikhoi, which they would trade to passing ships. By the start of the eighteenth century the expanding settlers experienced a shortage in labour and by 1717 slave labour, which was already prevalent in the Cape, was declared as the main form of labour. [3] Therefore, one could argue that colonisation process and the slave trade had a major impact on the indigenous societies at the Cape as they fought for freedom, land and their lives.

Firstly, the growing Dutch settlement and the increasing need for agricultural labourers resulted in the use of slave labour as the main form of labour at the Cape. Wine and wheat farmers started to buy imported slaves from Madagascar, Mozambique and Indonesia from the VOC. [4] The slave trade and colonization of the Cape created a racial hierarchy where Europeans viewed themselves as superior to the Khoikhoi, San, imported slaves and Africans. [5] Black people were viewed as suitable slaves and these ideas remained prevalent in South Africa after the colonization process had ended and the slave trade was abolished. These slaves were subjected to Dutch laws, customs and were exposed to racist ideologies where they were treated as inferior to Europeans based on their skin colour and slave status. [6] These racist ideologies, which justified slavery, enabled Europeans to abuse their slaves. Slaves were exposed to sexual and physical abuse, forced to live in unsanitary and overcrowded conditions while working for long hours. Slaves were also regarded as possessions, who had no rights to marry and whose children were also born as possessions of the slave owners. [7] The slaves also became assimilated into Western societies and became culturally disintegrated as their African identity and traditions were torn away. The Cape became characterized by the Dutch culture which was enforced upon the slaves. Slaves, however, were not often baptized as the Dutch believed that a fellow Christian could not be enslaved. Slaves and Khoikhoi were not encouraged to become Christians as the Dutch wanted to enforce inequality amongst them with the indigenous societies and their slaves. [8] The Khoikhoi were also treated unequal to a Dutch settler in the court of law based on a racial hierarchy which promoted the white man as superior due to his race. [9]

Secondly, the establishment of a refreshment post resulted in more Europeans becoming settlers at the Cape who expanded agricultural production and obtained livestock for herding. This led to indigenous societies, such as the Khoikhoi losing their land and cattle as the European settlements grew. [10] This loss of land and cattle led to conflict between the indigenous societies and the Dutch settlers. Chief Gonnema of the Cochoqua refused to trade with the Dutch. This resulted in the Dutch using rival Khoikhoi clans to raid the Cochoqua herds between 1673 and 1677. This was the second Khoi-Khoi Dutch War which sprout out of the colonisation process at the Cape. [11] The nomadic Khoikhoi, who moved around the Cape according to the different seasons and in search of good grazing ground, often came into conflict with settlers the more they moved inland. Settlers would take the Khoikhoi’s livestock by force or if they did trade with the Khoikhoi they would pay far less than what the items were valued. [12] The Khoikhoi retaliated by poising the water holes of the Dutch and entered two wars with the Dutch settlers. By the eighteenth century the Khoikhoi living within the borders of the Cape Colony were forced to become servants of the Dutch settlers. [13]

Thirdly, the colonisation process at the Cape exposed indigenous societies to European diseases, which they were not accustomed to. In 1713 the Khoikhoi and San were exposed to the smallpox after a Dutch ship infected with the disease landed at the Cape. [14] This wiped out nearly 90% of the indigenous populations as they had not yet encountered this disease. [15]

In conclusion, the colonization process and slave trade at the Cape had a vast impact on the indigenous societies. Colonization led to the loss of land and livestock of indigenous societies, while exposure to diseases cost the lives of 90% of the indigenous population. Colonization and the use of slave labour also reinforced the idea of a racial hierarchy at the Cape Colony, which resulted in the unequal treatment amongst different races. Slaves were also exposed to abuse as they were viewed as inferior to Dutch settlers. Finally, colonization also entailed the loss of the indigenous societies and slaves’ cultural identity as they became assimilated into a Western culture.

Tips & Notes:

• Check out our Essay Writing Skills  for more tips on writing essays.
• Remember, this is just an example essay.  You still need to use the work provided by your teacher or learned in class.
• It is important to check in with your teacher and make sure this meets his/her requirements.  For example, they might prefer that you do not use headings in your essay.

This content was originally produced for the SAHO classroom by Ilse Brookes, Amber Fox-Martin & Simone van der Colff

[1] Author Unknown, “Africa, Portugal”, South African History Online, (Uploaded: 9 November 2011), (Accessed: 31 July 2020), Available at: https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/africa-portugal

[5] The Department of Basic Education South Africa, “National Senior Certificate: Grade 10 History Exemplar 2012 Memorandum”, (Uploaded: November 2012), (Accessed: 31 July 2020), Available at: https://www.mycomlink.co.za/exams/History%20GR%2010%20Exemplar%202012%20Memo%20Eng.pdf

[6] Author Unknown, “Africa, Portugal”, South African History Online, (Uploaded: 9 November 2011), (Accessed: 31 July 2020), Available at: https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/africa-portugal

[9] The Department of Basic Education South Africa, “National Senior Certificate: Grade 10 History Exemplar 2012 Memorandum”, (Uploaded: November 2012), (Accessed: 31 July 2020), Available at: https://www.mycomlink.co.za/exams/History%20GR%2010%20Exemplar%202012%20Memo%20Eng.pdf

[10] Author Unknown, “Africa, Portugal”, South African History Online, (Uploaded: 9 November 2011), (Accessed: 31 July 2020), Available at: https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/africa-portugal

[12] The Department of Basic Education South Africa, “National Senior Certificate: Grade 10 History Exemplar 2012 Memorandum”, (Uploaded: November 2012), (Accessed: 31 July 2020), Available at: https://www.mycomlink.co.za/exams/History%20GR%2010%20Exemplar%202012%20Memo%20Eng.pdf

[13] The Department of Basic Education South Africa, “National Senior Certificate: Grade 10 History Exemplar 2012 Memorandum”, (Uploaded: November 2012), (Accessed: 31 July 2020), Available at: https://www.mycomlink.co.za/exams/History%20GR%2010%20Exemplar%202012%20Memo%20Eng.pdf

• Author Unknown, “Africa, Portugal”, South African History Online, (Uploaded: 9 November 2011), (Accessed: 31 July 2020), Available at: https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/africa-portugal
• The Department of Basic Education South Africa, “National Senior Certificate: Grade 10 History Exemplar 2012 Memorandum”, (Uploaded: November 2012), (Accessed: 31 July 2020), Available at: https://www.mycomlink.co.za/exams/History%20GR%2010%20Exemplar%202012%20Memo%20Eng.pdf

Return to topic: European expansion

Return to SAHO Home

Return to History Classroom

• History Grade 10 - Topic 2 Contextual Overview
• History Grade 10 - Topic 2 Glossary
• History Grade 10 - Topic 2 Source Based Questions

Related content

Related collections from the archive.

Iziko Slave Lodge

Slavery in south africa, the voc and the world that slaves lived in.

Iziko Museums acknowledge the following people for their contribution to the development of the site:

• Prof Nigel Worden: Department of Historical Studies, University of Cape Town
• Dr Antonia Malan: Historical Archaeology Research Group, University of Cape Town
• National Archives of South Africa
• National Library of South Africa
• South African Heritage Resource Agency, Western Cape
• Western Cape Provincial Department of Cultural Affairs and Sport 

© 2023 IZIKO MUSEUMS OF SOUTH AFRICA. MAINTAINED BY  BLUETEK  | SWITCHBOARD: +27 (0) 21 481 3800 |  CONTACT US  |  SUPPORT US