essay questions on brain drain

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Brain Drain [Sample Essays and Vocabulary]

Posted by David S. Wills | Feb 27, 2023 | Model Essays | 2

For today’s English lesson, we are going to look at the topic of “brain drain.” This is a phenomenon that occurs when lots of talented people move from developing countries to developed ones. It is an interesting topic with many issues to debate, so it is possible that you could encounter it in the IELTS writing test.

What is “brain drain” and how could it appear in IELTS?

According to the Cambridge Dictionary, “brain drain” means:

the situation in which large numbers of educated and very skilled people leave their own country to live and work in another one where pay and conditions are better ( source )

This is quite a big issue nowadays and it affects many parts of the world positively and negatively. As the world becomes more interconnected, it seems reasonable that it will continue to be a problem in the future.

This sort of topic is most likely to occur in the IELTS writing test and specifically in task 2. In fact, I’ll show you two sample answers below. You might also see a reading passage about “brain drain” in the reading test and I suppose it is theoretically possible that it could be the subject of section 4 of the listening test.

However, I cannot imagine that you would realistically see questions about this in any part of the IELTS speaking test. It is slightly too specialised and talking about it is a little too difficult.

Language related to “brain drain”

When it comes to the topic of “brain drain,” you should think of this generally as being a sub-topic of work , education , and immigration . Note that IELTS topics often overlap like this.

As such, to talk about this, you should be comfortable with vocabulary related to these areas and specifically the points at which they intersect. Here are some examples:

advanced economy
developed country
developing country
emigration / emigrant
immigration / immigrant
permanent residency
standard of living
tertiary education
tuition fees

Make sure that you know more than just the loose meaning of each word or phrase. It is important that you know precisely how to use them.

Also, I have tried not to include more common words like “abroad” but obviously you should be familiar with them and confident about how to use them.

You can read more about common IELTS topics here .

How to think of ideas about “brain drain”

Sometimes, IELTS questions can be difficult not just because of the language required but because of the topic. While some people have strong opinions about brain drain, others don’t. They simply can’t think of anything to say or worry that their ideas aren’t very developed.

For this reason, it is useful not just to learn vocabulary in preparation for your IELTS test, but also to learn ideas. You can do that in different ways:

reading articles
listening to podcasts
watching videos or documentaries
engaging in debates

I recently saw this very interesting YouTube video, which goes into detail about why brain drain hurts some countries and why it keeps happening.

I have a whole article about how to generate ideas for IELTS .

Sample Essays

Ok, now let’s look at some sample questions and answers. These are quite similar but the types of question are different and so I have written different answers.

Brain Drain Essay: Problems and Solutions

Here is our first question:

An increasing number of professionals, such as doctors and teachers, are leaving their own poorer countries to work in developed countries. What problems does this cause? What can be done to deal with this situation?

As you can see, this is a problems and solutions question . That means you need to firstly explain the problems caused by brain drain and then suggest some solutions.

Sample Answer

In the modern era, it is common for people to move around the world for various reasons, including immigration purposes. This sometimes results in people leaving a poor country to go to a richer one, in a phenomenon that is sometimes known as “brain drain.” This essay will look into the reasons for this and also suggest some solutions.

The allure of wealthy countries is naturally going to appeal to many people from poorer nations. They look to these places and see opportunities for themselves and their families, as well as clean environments and high-quality homes and goods. It is natural, then, that these people will aspire to leave their own country and move to a more developed one in the hope of a better life. They study hard and take every possible chance to give themselves a brighter future, and once they are able to emigrate, they leave their home country and travel to their new home. This is usually a positive step for them, but it tends to trap poor countries in a cycle of poverty.

Solving this problem is clearly not easy because it is a pretty natural phenomenon and people will always want to give themselves a better life. However, if there was a way to encourage doctors and other professionals to stay in their home nation, they could help to build it into a much more prosperous society, ultimately resulting in generations of educated people with no real desire to leave. Another option is for that nation to attempt to attract doctors and teachers from other countries as a way of filling the knowledge gap. This would not be easy, but again if it were achieved it would result in a strengthened nation that would no longer encourage its citizens to leave.

In conclusion, it is a natural occurrence that people want to move to cleaner, more developed places with safer streets and better standards of living, which is why educated people flee from poor nations. However, solving this problem will not be easy and may require some creative action by various governments.

Notes on the Answer

I have a simple but effective structure here:

Introduction	Explain the main issue (brain drain) and then give essay outline.
Body paragraph #1	Explain the causes (higher quality of life; more opportunities).
Body paragraph #2	Suggest solutions (tempting people to stay; attracting people from abroad).
Conclusion	Summarise main ideas.

In terms of language, I will note some useful phrases:

The allure of wealthy countries
see opportunities for themselves
high-quality homes and goods
take every possible chance
a brighter future
a cycle of poverty
a much more prosperous society
filling the knowledge gap
a natural occurrence

You will see that my solutions are not very definite but that’s because there are no easy solutions. Some students write things like “The government should pay doctors more money.” However, is this a realistic suggestion? If governments had unlimited money and could pay doctors more, they probably would. Therefore, use careful thinking and language skills to show reasonable ideas. Don’t worry about your suggestions being weakened by the admission that these ideas might not work. It is better to show that you are aware of this than to confidently make unreasonable suggestions.

Brain Drain Essay: Discuss Both Views

Here is our second question:

Some people believe that professionals, such as doctors and engineers, should be required to work in the country where they did their training. Others believe they should be free to work in another country if they wish. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.

You can see that this is a “ discuss both views ” question, so it is a little different from the previous one. Also, I suppose it is technically possible that you could answer this without mentioning brain drain, but still the idea is clearly connected.

A small number of people think that highly trained professionals should be required to work in the same country where they did their training, but most people disagree with this. This essay will also disagree, suggesting that they should be free to work where they want.

To begin with, it is understandable that people might argue in favour of professionals working in the country where they trained because in some cases that country has paid for their training. Take, for example, a doctor who received medical training at the government’s expense in a relatively poor country. If they moved to another country, perhaps in order to earn a higher salary, then the government’s investment would have been wasted.

However, there are a few problems with that viewpoint. First of all, professionals of this nature usually pay for their own education, and so if they were required to stay in that country then it would be unfair. A lot of people invest in their education purely to gain the chance of moving to another country for a better life. Then, of course, there is the argument that all people should have some freedom of movement. Particularly in the case of highly trained professionals, who can bring value to different societies, it is beneficial to have them move around the world, sharing their skills and increasing diversity. Perhaps they ought to give something back to the society in which they were trained, but they should not be restricted by any law because that would be a violation of their fundamental rights.

In conclusion, people who have important skills should be free to move to other countries if they wish. They should not have a legal obligation to stay in the nation where they earned their skills, but perhaps for the sake of decency they might consider staying a short while and giving back to that society.

I have not used the phrase “brain drain” here but the essay is still about that because brain drain is what happens when these people leave their home countries in large numbers.

Note that I have discussed both views but sided with the “disagree” perspective. That means I have written a longer paragraph full of “disagree” ideas. I have also made my opinion clear throughout the whole essay, which is also essential. In the introduction , for example, my outline sentence puts my perspective across very clearly.

Here are some more useful words and phrases:

highly trained professionals
to earn a higher salary
the government’s investment
people invest in their education
freedom of movement
a violation of their fundamental rights
a legal obligation

Finally, note that in both these essays I avoided the trap of repeating the examples from the question. It is a common mistake that IELTS candidates see an example and assume it is the main idea of the question. In fact, you do not need to talk about doctors and engineers. You could talk about any professionals.

About The Author

David S. Wills

David S. Wills is the author of Scientologist! William S. Burroughs and the 'Weird Cult' and the founder/editor of Beatdom literary journal. He lives and works in rural Cambodia and loves to travel. He has worked as an IELTS tutor since 2010, has completed both TEFL and CELTA courses, and has a certificate from Cambridge for Teaching Writing. David has worked in many different countries, and for several years designed a writing course for the University of Worcester. In 2018, he wrote the popular IELTS handbook, Grammar for IELTS Writing and he has since written two other books about IELTS. His other IELTS website is called IELTS Teaching.

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I have some questions related to IELTS Writing in general and your essays. 1. Have you tried using chatGPT for IELTS Writing? What do you think the quality of the essays it can create and how do IELTS learners use it to improve their writing? 2. In your essays + The first essay – You use near future tense ‘be going to do sth’ in the first sentence of the first body paragraph. Could you explain to me why you use this tense in this sentence? + The second essay – Actually, I see some dictionary mark ‘To begin with’ or ‘To begin’ as an informal phrase. Is it also proper when used in IELTS Writing? – In the second body paragraph, I see you use ‘increasing diversity’ which makes me confused. Could you explain what does this phrase exactly mean? Thank a lot

1. I’ve tested it a few times. It’s fine but not perfect. I haven’t really looked into it as a means of learning to write essays. I know that other AI programmes are terrible at fixing grammar problems, but ChatGPT is a lot smarter, so it’s possible.

2. This is used to mean that something hypothetically does appeal to these people. I suppose it is a strange structure, but it’s quite common in English. It is like imagining a future state.

3. I don’t think “To begin with” is particularly informal.

4. It means that when people travel around, the diversity of the places they go to increases because they have more people from different places.

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Essay on Brain Drain

Brain Drain is defined as the emigration or migration of individuals of talents and skills from developing or under-developed countries to developed ones. It means impoverishment of intellectuals, professionals, and technical resources of one country and enriching another. It is also known as the mass departure of skillful resources from a country. It brings a potential economic decline to the nation. Brain Drain subjects to a vital threat before a country. This migration results in a great loss to the countries where they are born and educated. Higher education is one of the important reasons for permanent emigration.

We, at Vedantu, have provided the students with an essay on brain drain with two perspectives in mind. The first one is the concept of making the students understand what is brain drain and next, to make them develop their essay writing skills which are useful in several ways including the need to write essays for improving their writing skills, for making good answers in the exams, to help the students prepare better result for themselves by going through this process.

The term ‘Brain Drain’ was first used by the United Kingdom in 1960 when the skilled workforce started emigrating from the developing or under-developed countries to the developed countries (first world countries). It refers to the situation when highly qualified and trained people leave his/her own country to permanently settle down in other developed countries. It is also known as human capital flight. With the beginning of globalization, ideas, opinions, skills in the form of labor started being exchanged between the nations.

This concept of Brain Drain is a matter of serious concern for any nation because it takes off individuals from their homeland to another foreign land. Often people go abroad to pursue higher education and settle there because of better work and attractive pay packages. Talented, skilled, and experienced professionals migrate to other countries for better career prospects. They get attracted by better standards of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology, and more stable political conditions in the developed countries which lead to migration from less developed countries.

The factors for the rise of Brain Drain are also called Push and Pull factors. The Push factors are the factors connected to the country of origin and Pull factors are the factors connected with the country of destination.

Push Factors:

The basic facility is not congenial for research and education in the institutions.

Under-employment for thousands of engineering graduates, scientific and technical manpower waiting for respective assignments.

Political instability.

Poor quality of living.

Limited access to health care facilities.

Less economic opportunity.

Pull Factors:

Better Economic prospects.

Better Research facilities.

Employment Opportunities.

Relative Political Stability.

Modern Education System and a better chance of advancement.

There are Three Types of Brain Drain

Geographical Brain Drain: This refers to the emigration of highly skilled professionals to other developing countries in search of better-paying jobs. It creates a negative impact on the economic development of the homeland.

Organizational Brain Drain: This refers to the departure of experienced and talented individuals from one organization to another. This exodus can be very harmful to organizations.

Industrial Brain Drain: This refers to the movement of skilled and trained workers from one industry to another for a better salary. This causes a shortage of experienced workers in the industry from where they depart.

Overall, Brain Drain is a widespread phenomenon these days. Many developing and under-developed countries are suffering from the loss of talents and skilled professionals like India, Africa, and Arab countries. The governments and private firms should take some strict measures to control this by aiming towards a better and friendlier atmosphere. They should provide better working conditions, improve infrastructure in educational institutions, create more employment opportunities, increase salaries and develop rural places. Making laws and strictly implementing them should check discrimination and bias at workplaces. Incentives should be given to youngsters from going abroad in search of work. These action plans can solve the problem of Brain Drain.

10 facts on Brain Drain Essay

The Brain Drain is the migration of talented geniuses from their homeland to other countries in search of a better life and jobs.

It occurs when people go out and settle abroad for their jobs or for making careers.

People often go abroad for their higher studies and after having finished their studies, they settle over there and do not return to their homeland which also causes brain drain.

It is of vital concern especially for developing countries like India, where it can have negative effects.

Countries like India keep losing citizens who have the potential and talent to change the economic conditions of the country.

However, Brain Drain is a call for hope for the countries to which the people migrate for their jobs or studies.

The countries which receive the migrating people from the other countries benefit a lot from them.

The problem of brain drain can be easily solved by providing better working conditions, good pay, and other facilities in the home country to the people.

Political disturbances are amongst one the other causes of brain drain.

Brain Drain also occurs in some countries as a result of poor living conditions for the people which pushes them to migrate to other countries.

Study the different points related to brain drain and compile a good essay on this topic. Learn more about this topic and seek assistance from Vedantu to get the best words on paper. Score well by brilliantly scribing this essay in exams and competitions.

FAQs on Brain Drain Essay

1. What is Brain Drain?

Brain Drain is the mass departure of talented and skilled individuals from a developing or under-developed country to a developing country. The Brain drain in simple words is defined as the migration of personnel in search of a better standard of living, quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology, and more stable political conditions in the different places of the world. It is a condition which is fairly not good for the developing countries as they tend to suffer a major loss due to this.

2. What are Push Factors?

Push Factors are factors that are associated with the country of origin. The push factors are factors that motivate a person to migrate from their country or the region of living to another country in search of better jobs and living. The push factors are often used in a negative connotation, as they often consist of problems, distressing situations, and political or economic failures, depicting the poor conditions of the country. Also, this is a situation of loss for the country.

3. What is Organizational Brain Drain?

Organizational Brain Drain refers to the departure of experienced and talented individuals from one organization to another. This is similar to the original concept of brain drain. The concept involves the shift of employees from one organization to the other due to various reasons which include the movement due to organizational issues like poor working conditions, low pays, unhealthy work environment, etc. due to which the organization faces a challenge in many ways like the building of poor reputation within the industry and the like.

4. How to Prevent Brain Drain?

There are a lot of ways in which both the companies and countries can stop the problem of brain dragon some of which include the following:

To prevent the problem of Brain Drain, the governments of developing and under-developed countries should take stern measures of providing better working conditions to the employees in the form of infrastructure, health, travel, and other such measures.

The government must try to create more employment opportunities in the country itself so the people do not need to move by bringing in projects, developments, etc.

The government must try stopping discrimination with the people in all forms be it in terms of discrimination on the basis of age, gender, culture, religion, and others and any bias among employees.

The government must also work on the development of rural places to generate employment opportunities in the rural areas of the country.

5. Where can I get an Essay on Brain Drain?

The students can easily get essays on brain drain from the website of Vedantu for free of cost. The students will also have the access to many more new concepts which will help them in understanding better the different topics that persist. Vedantu also helps the students by providing them with other study material and resources like sample papers, previous year’s question papers, and other important resources that will help them in preparing for the exam and writing better answers.

Essay on Brain Drain

Students are often asked to write an essay on Brain Drain in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Brain Drain

Introduction.

Brain drain refers to the migration of skilled professionals from their home country to another for better opportunities. It’s a global issue affecting many nations.

Causes of Brain Drain

Brain drain is caused by several factors including lack of opportunities, low wages, political instability, and poor living conditions in the home country.

Effects of Brain Drain

Brain drain leads to loss of skills and intellectual resources. It can slow down the development of a country and create imbalance in the global distribution of talent.

To combat brain drain, nations need to improve their living conditions, provide better opportunities and create a stable political environment.

250 Words Essay on Brain Drain

Brain drain refers to the emigration of highly skilled individuals from their home countries to foreign nations, often in search of better opportunities. It is a global phenomenon that affects both developed and developing countries, posing significant socio-economic implications.

The primary cause of brain drain is the quest for improved living conditions. Professionals migrate to countries offering better job prospects, higher wages, and enhanced life quality. Political instability, lack of research opportunities, and inadequate infrastructure in home countries further exacerbate this issue.

Impacts of Brain Drain

Brain drain has a dual impact. The host countries benefit from the influx of skilled professionals contributing to their economic growth. Conversely, the home countries suffer from a loss of human capital, leading to a potential decline in their development pace.

Counteracting Brain Drain

To counteract brain drain, it is crucial for countries to create conducive environments that encourage their citizens to stay. This includes ensuring political stability, offering competitive wages, and investing in research and infrastructure. Implementing policies that promote circular migration can also be beneficial, where emigrants return to their home countries, bringing back new skills and knowledge.

While brain drain poses challenges, it also presents opportunities for global knowledge exchange. The key lies in managing this phenomenon effectively, turning the potential loss into a gain for both home and host countries. This requires concerted efforts from governments, institutions, and individuals alike.

500 Words Essay on Brain Drain

Understanding the phenomenon of brain drain, the driving forces of brain drain.

The primary drivers of Brain Drain are socio-economic in nature. The quest for improved living conditions, higher wages, and better career prospects are some of the primary reasons why skilled professionals migrate. Political instability, lack of infrastructure, and limited research opportunities also contribute to this exodus.

The Impact of Brain Drain

The impact of Brain Drain is multifaceted, with both negative and positive outcomes. On the negative side, the departure of skilled professionals leads to a knowledge gap in the home country. It hampers the growth of industries and research, and can even affect the country’s economy.

Brain Drain vs Brain Gain

While Brain Drain is often viewed negatively, it’s important to consider the concept of Brain Gain. This refers to the influx of skilled professionals into a country, which can lead to significant economic and social benefits. Developed countries often experience Brain Gain, which contributes to their continued growth and development.

Addressing the Issue of Brain Drain

Addressing Brain Drain requires comprehensive strategies that focus on improving socio-economic conditions, political stability, and research opportunities in the home country. Governments should invest in education, research, and development, and create an environment that encourages innovation and entrepreneurship.

Brain Drain is a complex issue with both negative and positive impacts. While it can lead to a loss of valuable human capital for developing countries, it can also result in economic benefits through remittances and the return of skilled professionals. Addressing this issue requires a balanced approach that not only prevents the outflow of talent but also encourages their return. The key lies in transforming the Brain Drain into a Brain Gain, thus turning a potential loss into a win-win situation for all involved.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Essay on Brain Drain

Brain drain refers to the movement of highly skilled and educated people from one country to another, where they can work in better conditions and earn more money. People migrate due to the lack of opportunities in their home country. The brain drain reduces economic growth through the depletion of a source country’s human capital assets and, additionally, through loss of return on investment in education. It’s a serious problem that most developing countries like India are facing today. The essay on brain drain will help students to understand the reason behind brain drain and how this problem can be solved. Students can also check out the list of CBSE Essays to practise more essays on different topics and boost their essay writing skills.

500+ Words Essay on Brain Drain

The term “brain drain” refers to the international transfer of human capital resources, and it applies mainly to the migration of highly educated individuals from developing to developed countries. The term is generally used in a narrower sense. It relates more specifically to the migration of engineers, physicians, scientists, and other highly skilled professionals with university training, to developed countries. The brain drain is a serious constraint on the development of poor countries.

Reasons for Brain Drain in India

The major reason behind the brain drain is the lack of career opportunities, investment and lower salaries in home countries. The highly skilled people do not get proper exposure where they can showcase their skills. They don’t get the opportunity to grow higher. This happens because, in many private and government organisations, the managers sitting in higher positions give preference to their relatives and known people. Many times, the hiring team does not use the correct assessment process to recruit people. Moreover, the reservation and reserved quota in government jobs are the major reasons why youth lose interest in appearing in various competitive or government exams.

Brain drain also occurs when an employee loses interest in work. If he continues to do the same task for 5 to 6 years, he becomes saturated with work. He wants some new role and responsibility that excite him and challenges him to do the work. The change in work also sharpens their skills and significantly increases their income. The work culture and environment also play a major role in brain drain. If the work culture is not flexible and reliable, then people start thinking of leaving the organisation and moving to another. Many times office politics, blame games, overwork, no appreciation, and no rewards also compel a person to look for a better opportunity where his skills will be appreciated.

India has skilled and semi-skilled, employed and unemployed human resources. Low salaries and inefficient working conditions trigger the movement of people to countries with better living standards and facilities. There is a huge difference in terms of salary in developed, developing and underdeveloped countries. Most of the students who go abroad for higher studies do not return to India. After seeing the affluent life of foreign countries, they lose all interest in their own country. They get placed in good companies and start living a high-profile life.

How to Stop Brain Drain?

Talent in emerging economies is scarce, expensive, and hard to retain. But, for the balance of power and for the development of the world, it is very important to stop the phenomena of brain drain. This will help a particular country to use all local skilled citizens for development and proliferation. But to hold these skilled workers at their native places, it is also important to provide them with enough work opportunities and living facilities. For this purpose, developed nations should help developing countries with the necessary money and resources. So that each and every human on this planet can have a good standard of living and each and every nation can introduce itself as a developed nation.

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Essay of the Week: Brain drain in the developing world

Our band nine sample essays give you the opportunity to learn from successful essays that show off the best structure, vocabulary and grammar. This problem and solution type essay is about the complex issue of 'brain drain' in the developing world.

An increasing number of professionals like teachers and doctors are leaving poorer countries where they grew up to work in richer countries. What are some problems this causes and what are some solutions?

In recent years, developed countries have seen an influx of educators and healthcare practitioners from the developing world. In this essay, I will look at two issues this causes and present some solutions. First, that these countries do not recoup their investments in these people’s education, and second, that this leads to an unfair distribution of important workers.

First, professionals leaving the country after graduation is unfair to the countries who train them. When countries train public workers, they are making an investment in their education that they expect to recoup by having well trained staff in important jobs. If these professionals then leave the country for a high salary in the developed world, this means the country fails to get anything back for it’s investment. This is especially problematic for developing countries who have less public money available for education.

Second, this causes a shortage of professionals in those countries. Because these professionals have in-demand skills, it is easy for them to find jobs and visas abroad. This can cause staff shortages as poorer countries can lose staff to countries with more money causing a damaging shortage. For example, a country might lose teachers and then struggle to develop because of a lack of education provision.

To conclude, losing skilled professionals is both unfair and damaging to countries. However, there are several solutions to this problem. Developed countries should focus more on training their own workers rather than relying on the developing world. In addition, poorer countries should make training conditional on trainees working in that country for a period of time.

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Brain Drain Essay | Essay on Brain Drain for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Brain Drain Essay: Brain drain refers to the situation when highly qualified and trained people leave his/her otitn country to permanently settle down in some other country. It is also referred to as human capital flight. Brain drain is a global phenomenon that refers to flow of human resource in bulk from one country to another. With the beginning of globalisation, ideas, opinions, skills in the form of labour started being exchanged between nations. The term emerged in 1960’s when the skilled workforce started emigrating from the poor or developing countries to the first world countries (or developed countries) in search of better job opportunities. This is primarily due to the fact that developing countries like India have failed utterly in providing the right kind of opportunities to its youth.

You can read more Essay Writing about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Brain Drain for Kids and Students in English

Given below are two essays in English for students and children about the topic of ‘Brain Drain’ in both long and short form. The first essay is a long essay on Brain Drain of 400-500 words. This long essay about Brain Drain is suitable for students of class 7, 8, 9 and 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants. The second essay is a short essay on Brain Drain of 150-200 words. These are suitable for students and children in class 6 and below.

Long Essay on Brain Drain 500 Words in English

Below we have given a long essay on Brain Drain of 500 words is helpful for classes 7, 8, 9 and 10 and Competitive Exam Aspirants. This long essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 7 to class 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants.

This, in turn, is leading to a great loss of national wealth. In the past few decades, a lot of Indian professionals too migrated to other countries. The human capital in terms of skills, ideas, labour and intelligence is being transferred to countries abroad from India since ages. This has become a characteristic more of the intelligentsia of the nation the doctors, engineers, scientists, MBA’s, CA’s, lawyers and other professionals. Today, Indian constitutes majority of large organisations like NASA (the National Aeronautics and Space Administration), California Laboratory etc. Additionally, studies show that Indians are one of the most hard working, dedicated and sincere workers. That is why various countries and companies readily take our nationals.

Countries like USA, UK, Germany, France, Russia, Italy, Japan etc., have developed greatly in their technology, science, electronics, computers, astronomy etc. Thus, these countries provide greater opportunities quality as well as quantity wise.

The facilities, packages, scholarships etc., provided by these nations are far better than what India can provide them. While this is the case of young students/professionals, the academically well qualified people prefer going abroad for a higher research because they don’t get the best chances, resources and facilities for research in India. The cut-offs for admissions have became close to 100% in the best Indian Institutes. While the institutes are in the race of getting the best students, the ambitious youth fail to occupy seat in any of the prestigious Indian Universities. This leads them to explore the scope of higher education abroad.

Most of these students prefer staying back in. the host country due to better work opportunities and heavy pay packages. A part from good earnings, those in the US and Europe are aware of the public services, social security system and retirement benefits. So, after getting global exposure and getting introduced to the high quality life and facilities, the students become reluctant to go back to the home country.

There are many Indians at top posts in global firms and companies like Sabeer Bhatia, founder of Hotmail email, Satya Nadella, now Chief Executive Officer of Microsoft, Indra Nooyi, Chairperson and Chief Executive Officer of PepsiCo. As many as 12% scientists and 38% doctors in the US are Indians, and in NASA, 36% or almost 4 out of 10 scientists are Indians. Awakening to this fact’, Indian Government is putting the best foot forward to curb brain drain. In lieu with consistent economic growth, India will see robust hiring and there is an expected double-digit salary increase across all sectors IT, manufacturing, finance, insurance and real estate.

Short Essay on Brain Drain 200 Words in English

Below we have given a short essay on Brain Drain is for Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. This short essay on the topic is suitable for students of class 6 and below.

Both, government and private firms are aiming towards a better and friendlier atmosphere to create better conditions for their employees. Discrimination and bias at work places are checked by making laws and strictly implementing them. Incentives are given to stop youngsters from going abroad in search of work.

After witnessing a huge brain drain of doctors, the government was persuaded to take actions. Now, the medical students going abroad for higher studies will have to sign a bond with the government, promising to return to India after completing their studies. Policies to nurture higher education, better public service delivery and better sharing of data with the public (RTI) needs to be promoted to encourage a reverse brain drain. Moreover the government of the day needs to ensure good employment facilities for students by encouraging domestic and international investments in manufacturing, research and development. ‘Our IT professionals and IIM graduates are the best in the world. Countries welcome them with open arms. We can use the best potential of the country to accelerate our own progress in socio-economic fields. We need to give deserving jobs to students, who return to India after completing their education.

Brain Drain Essay Word Meanings for Simple Understanding

Intelligentsia – highly educated people as a group, especially when regarded as possessing culture and political influence
Prestigious – influential, esteemed
Robust – strong and effective in all or most situations and conditions
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The phenomenon of highly educated and skilled professionals moving from their home country to another country in search of better employment opportunities, living conditions, and other benefits is known as brain drain . This phenomenon presents several difficulties, including a sizable loss of human capital, a decline in the innovation and productivity of the source nation, and a potential imbalance in the distribution of talent globally.

Brain drain has become a major issue for many developing nations, as it results in the loss of talented people who could make significant contributions to the economic and social development of their home nations. Since a large number of highly skilled professionals have left Pakistan in search of better employment opportunities, the nation has struggled with a serious brain drain issue.

Causes of Brain Drain

The brain drain is caused by a number of factors. The absence of employment options in the country of origin is the main factor. It can be difficult for many highly qualified professionals to find employment that matches their education and experience, which causes them to look for opportunities elsewhere. Due to low pay and unfavorable working conditions in some countries, professionals may also struggle to support their families. Instability in politics, poor infrastructure, and limited access to technology can all be contributing factors.

The same is true for Pakistan, where one of the main reasons for the brain drain is a lack of economic opportunities. Many highly qualified professionals, such as doctors, engineers, and IT experts, are compelled to look for opportunities abroad because they cannot locate domestic jobs that match their skill sets. Similarly, long-standing political unrest in Pakistan has been characterized by frequent administration changes and a pattern of military takeovers.

Simultaneously, through their financial contributions, the diaspora communities—which include expatriates, overseas Pakistanis, and Pakistani Americans—have a significant impact on Pakistan’s economy. Whereas, doctors, engineers, scientists, and business owners are just a few of the highly qualified professionals living in the Pakistani diaspora. These professionals can help Pakistan develop by sharing their skills and knowledge because they have worked in developed nations where they have gained invaluable experience and knowledge.

Implications of Brain Drain

There are several detrimental effects of brain drain on developing nations. First, it leads to a shortage of highly skilled professionals, making it challenging to develop critical sectors such as healthcare, education, and technology. An additional effect is a decrease in investment in education and training. Secondly, governments invest a lot of money in professional development and education, and when these people leave the workforce, that investment is lost. Third, a reduction in innovation, research, and development may result from brain drain. It can also worsen economic inequality because most highly skilled and educated individuals can afford to emigrate.

Moreover, brain drain has serious repercussions for the country of origin. Highly skilled individuals frequently leave the country, resulting in a sizable loss of human capital that can harm the nation’s economic development. Sectors like healthcare, education, and research—which demand highly skilled personnel—feel the impact of this loss most acutely. Furthermore weakening the nation’s economy is the possibility of brain drain causing a general decline in productivity and innovation. Additionally, the exodus of talented people can make already-existing social and economic disparities worse by depriving the country’s marginalized communities of qualified professionals who can assist in meeting their needs.

Possible Solutions for Brain Drain

The issue of brain drain has been addressed with a number of solutions. In-country wage increases and better working conditions are two potential solutions. This may attract highly qualified professionals and persuade them to remain and support the growth of their nation. Making investments in vital industries like healthcare, education, and technology is an additional solution. Whereas, governments can foster an environment where professionals are more likely to stay and contribute to the growth of their nation by offering more employment opportunities and better infrastructure. A further way to entice professionals to stay in the country is by providing incentives like tax breaks and housing subsidies.

However, Pakistan must create a comprehensive strategy to address this issue that aims to retain its skilled workforce and draw in foreign investment. To provide training opportunities and help Pakistanis develop industry-specific skills, one potential solution is to form partnerships with foreign institutions. With this strategy, education, and training can be of higher quality, increasing the employability of Pakistan’s skilled labor force.

Pakistan should also concentrate on improving the environment in which companies can operate. The government should offer incentives to foreign investors to set up their businesses in Pakistan, which will create more job opportunities for the local workforce. To create a stable and conducive environment for businesses to operate, the government should prioritize investments in vital sectors like infrastructure, healthcare, and education.

Raising the standard of living in Pakistan is another way to draw and keep skilled workers. This can be done by funding social welfare programs, enhancing the standard of healthcare, and making sure that people live in a safe and secure environment. With this strategy, Pakistan’s citizens and the wider world may have a more favorable impression of the country.

The development of many developing nations is seriously threatened by brain drain. Some of the main reasons include a lack of job opportunities, low pay, unfavorable working conditions, poor infrastructure, limited access to technology, and political unrest. The detrimental effects of brain drain include a lack of highly skilled workers, a reduction in investments in education and training, a decline in innovation, research, and development, and a worsening of economic inequality.

However, there are potential solutions to these problems, such as enhancing working conditions and raising salaries, investing in important industries, and providing incentives like tax breaks and housing subsidies. Governments can improve the environment for professionals to stay and contribute to the growth of their nation by putting these solutions into practice, which will ultimately result in more economic and social advancement.

Last but not least, the loss of talent from Pakistan is a serious issue that hinders the development and growth of the economy in that nation. The main causes of this trend are the state of the global economy, unstable political conditions, and a weak educational system. By investing in education and training, fostering a more welcoming environment for businesses, and raising the general standard of living of its people, Pakistan can, however, position itself to attract and retain skilled workers in a fiercely competitive global marketplace.

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The Global Brain Drain: Understanding its Causes, Impacts, and Solutions

February 27, 2023

Brain drain is a term used to describe the process of highly educated and productive individuals leaving their home country to pursue better opportunities abroad. This phenomenon is becoming increasingly prevalent and has the potential to have a profound impact on both the countries that are losing talent and the countries that are gaining it. In this article, we will explore the definition of brain drain and the reasons behind it.

Reasons behind Brain Drain

There are a number of reasons why people choose to leave their home countries and seek opportunities abroad. One of the most significant is the availability of higher paying jobs. For example, an engineer in India earns an average salary of 800,000 rupees per year, or about 10,000 US dollars.

However, if that same engineer were to become qualified in the United States, they could potentially earn ten times that amount or more.

Another factor that contributes to brain drain is the quality of life. Advanced countries like the United States are often less crowded and polluted than many areas in developing countries, making them a desirable place to live. Additionally, advanced economies tend to have lower rates of violence, making them a safer place to live and work.

Impact of Brain Drain

A. Effects on Developing Countries

Loss of Human Capital and Talent: One of the primary effects of brain drain on developing countries is the loss of human capital and talent. When highly educated and productive individuals leave their home country to pursue better opportunities abroad, they take with them a wealth of knowledge and expertise that could have been used to drive innovation and economic growth at home. This is particularly damaging for developing countries that are already struggling to build out their technical industries and create jobs for their citizens.
Acceleration of Aging Population Problems: In addition to losing valuable human capital, brain drain also accelerates the problems that developing countries face with aging populations. As their most productive workers leave for advanced economies, they leave behind a shrinking pool of workers to support the growing number of elderly people who are no longer able to work. This puts a significant strain on the few young people who are still able to work, and it also exacerbates the problems that developing countries face with pension systems and public services for the elderly.

B. Benefits for Advanced Economies

Influx of Skilled Workers: Advanced economies, on the other hand, benefit from brain drain by being the sink that these skilled workers drain into. By offering higher incomes and a better quality of life, advanced economies are able to attract the best and brightest workers from around the world. This not only helps to address the problems of an aging population, but it also stimulates the domestic economy as these skilled workers bring with them money from their home country to cover the costs of living and establishing themselves in their new home.
Contribution to Wealth Gap: Brain drain also contributes to the growing wealth gap between advanced economies and developing countries. As advanced economies continue to attract the best and brightest workers from around the world, they are able to maintain their position at the top of the global economy, while developing countries are left behind. This further solidifies the divide between rich and poor countries, making it increasingly difficult for developing countries to catch up and join the ranks of the advanced economies.

Brain drain is a complex and multi-faceted issue that has significant impacts on both developing countries and advanced economies. While advanced economies benefit from an influx of skilled workers, developing countries are left to deal with the loss of their most productive citizens, as well as the acceleration of problems related to aging populations.

To address this issue, it is important for both advanced and developing countries to work together to create conditions that allow people to thrive and succeed in their home countries, rather than having to look abroad for opportunities.

Solutions to Brain Drain

A. Improving Living Conditions in Developing Countries : Brain drain is a major problem faced by many developing countries, but there are steps that can be taken to address it. One solution is to improve the living conditions in these countries. By reducing corruption, crime, and pollution, people will be more likely to stay and work in their home countries.

Reduction of Corruption, Crime, and Pollution Corruption, crime, and pollution are major issues that contribute to brain drain in developing countries. People are often motivated to leave these countries in search of a better life, and these issues can make it difficult for them to stay. By reducing corruption, crime, and pollution, governments can create a more attractive environment for people to live and work in.

B. Investment in Advanced Industries : Another solution to brain drain is to invest in advanced industries that can attract skilled workers. By creating jobs in industries that are in high demand, governments can incentivize people to stay and work in their home countries.

Attraction of Skilled Workers Investing in advanced industries can help to attract skilled workers who may otherwise leave their home countries. By providing opportunities for people to work in industries that they are passionate about, governments can encourage them to stay and contribute to their home country’s economy.

C. Challenges and Limitations : While there are solutions to brain drain, there are also challenges and limitations to consider. For example, it can be difficult for developing countries to attract investment and create advanced industries. Additionally, there may be cultural and linguistic barriers that make it difficult for people to integrate into new environments.

Despite these challenges, it is important for governments to take action to address brain drain. By improving living conditions, investing in advanced industries, and overcoming the challenges and limitations, they can create a better future for their citizens and help to build stronger, more prosperous communities.

Brain Drain is a complex issue that has far-reaching impacts on both developing and advanced economies . It is a problem that requires a multi-faceted approach to address its root causes effectively. In this article, we have explored the definition of Brain Drain, its reasons, and impacts on both developing and advanced countries. Additionally, we have also discussed the solutions to this problem that focus on improving living conditions in developing countries and attracting skilled workers to advanced industries.

A. Complex nature of Brain Drain

Brain Drain is a complex issue that stems from a combination of economic, social, and political factors. The lack of opportunities, poor living conditions, and high levels of corruption in developing countries drive talented individuals to seek better opportunities in advanced economies. This results in a loss of human capital and talent for the former and a gain for the latter.

Moreover, Brain Drain also exacerbates the aging population problems in developing countries, contributing to their economic decline. On the other hand, advanced economies benefit from the influx of skilled workers and their contribution to the economy, leading to a widening wealth gap.

B. Need for a multi-faceted approach to address root causes

To address the root causes of Brain Drain, a multi-faceted approach is necessary. Improving living conditions in developing countries through reducing corruption, crime, and pollution is one way to keep talented individuals from seeking opportunities abroad. Additionally, investing in advanced industries to attract skilled workers is also an effective solution.

However, there are challenges and limitations to implementing these solutions, such as the cost of investment, the difficulty in reducing corruption, and the need for political stability. Nevertheless, the benefits of addressing Brain Drain are significant and include a more equitable distribution of human capital and talent, a reduction in wealth gap, and a more prosperous future for all.

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The Problem Of Brain Drain Essay Examples

The Problem Of Brain Drain - Free Essay Examples and Topic Ideas

Brain drain refers to the emigration of intelligent and skilled individuals from one country to another. This phenomenon can result in a shortage of skilled labor in the home country, which negatively impacts the economy. Brain drain is often seen as a problem in developing countries, where there is a lack of infrastructure, education, and employment opportunities. The most common reason for brain drain is due to the search for better economic opportunities, better wages, and better work conditions. The loss of skilled individuals from a country can have a profound impact on sectors like healthcare, education, technology, and research. Brain drain can also create a loss of investment in human capital and can hinder the potential for economic growth.

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IELTS ESSAY: Solutions to the Brain Drain

Writing task 2: ielts essay: solutions to the brain drain..

You should spend 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: An increasing number of professionals, such as doctors and teachers, are leaving their own poorer countries to work in developed countries. What are the reasons behind this trend? What solutions can you suggest to deal with this situation? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant example from your own knowledge. Write at least 250 words.

Sample Answer:

Many developing countries in the world today are facing the issue of professionals migrating to other developed countries in search of better employment opportunities. This essay will help reflect on the causes of the situation and suggest possible ways to deal with this problem.

There are many reasons that have led to this scenario. The first and foremost one is the lack of professional opportunity in poor countries. increasing number of new graduates places pressure on the job market, which makes job-searching a very major task. Another factor behind this problem is salary. The income is not at par with the dedication and effort one puts in a job. Further, the working environment does not cater to the needs of the intellectuals. For these reasons, competent individuals prefer to leave their motherland and shift outside the country.

Taking into consideration all the causes, measures to stop brain draining can be constructively structured. The labor market needs to be expanded to create more job opportunities. Furthermore, extra pay or promotions can also help retain the talent. Lastly, it is important to construct a professional working environment which can help the skilful employees to develop their own capability.

Hence, it is pretty clear that there are obvious reasons encouraging the brain capital flight in developing countries. However, I understand that if proper steps are implemented, we will be able to tackle the problem and help solve it for a better future.

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BRAIN-DRAIN -THE POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS OF THE PHENOMENON

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A large number of available analyses and research on the brain-drain phenomenon support the fact that this issue is very relevant and important from different social aspects, and therefore we have chosen it as the topic of our paper. While analyzing the available theories, we were confronted with a number of different viewpoints regarding the brain-drain phenomenon: from a neutral impact over the negative to full positive impact of the brain-drain on countries of origin. All researchers, however, agree that there is a range of push and pull factors influencing the brain-drain phenomenon of the general social, economic, family, but also geographical and natural conditions. An important economic factor is the money arriving from developing countries precisely from the people who left their home countries. It is impossible to analyze the brain-drain phenomenon and ignore the globalization process. It directly affects the transformation of the brain-drain phenomenon into brain-circulation as a recent phenomenon.

Keywords: Brain-drain, migration, population, brain-circulation

JEL Classification: J22, J24, O15

(ProQuest: ... denotes non-US-ASCII text omitted.)

Introduction

The topic of brain-drain is becoming increasingly important. According to the EconLit statistics (American Economic Association), 247 articles were written on the subject in the period between 2005 and 2009 which is twofold more than in the previous 15 years. Also, a growing number of statistical indicators are published annually which are related to the specific country as well as their comparative analysis.

Also, the term "brain-drain" was first used by the British Royal Society and related to the exodus of scientists from Great Britain to the United States and Canada during the 1950s and 1960s (Cervantes&Guellec, 2002). However, today the term is used to describe the emigration of highly educated individuals from the home country. It is important to note that in this case that mainly includes engineers, physicians, scientists, and even other highly educated people with a university degree (Rapoport & Docquier, 2006). Also, migrations usually occur from underdeveloped and developing countries to developed countries, but the shifts from rural to urban areas with high incomes are frequent, too.

Considering that human capital is the initiator of development of every country, it can be concluded that the brain-drain from underdeveloped to developed countries represents a serious problem. The departure of highly qualified people from the country has a negative effect on the overall situation, which further encourages those who remain to consider emigrating. On the other hand, the countries in which educated people arrive to find a job and gain better living conditions are in a position to raise brains (so-called "brain-gain").

The author Ellerman states that in the event of departure of talented people, it is a matter of the classic "prison" dilemma - individual strategies of success do not necessarily equal the best collective strategy of success. When the greatest potentials leave the country, the pressure to achieve general prosperity and well-being begins to decrease (Ellerman, 2006).

According to the author Harry Johanson, brain-drain is primarily a phrase rather than a term. Actually, the very word "drain" indicates serious implications in this case, suffered by the country from which all the potential departures. On the other hand, educated migrants and the countries to which they go in search of a better life are at gain (Johanson, 1965). Of course, there are also situations which bring benefits to the home country. That situation is typical for India, which annually generates high rates of income from the Diaspora. According to Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, India has "converted the brain-drain misfortune into an opportunity" (http://pib.nic.in/release/ release.asp?relid=68026)

The authors Kapur & McHale have identified three long-term trends which encourage migration. Firstly, new companies are constantly opened in the developed countries whose operation is based on innovation. Of course, their need for a qualified workforce is permanent, which on the other hand represents a strong incentive for emigrants. In addition, highly productive and qualified foreign personnel have a positive effect on strengthening the budget of the home country. And finally, employers in the developed countries understand much better the benefits and importance of productivity of highly qualified personnel, and as such offer much better working conditions (Kapur & McHale, 2005).

Importance of the Brain-drain Issue

It is obvious that the economists, at the global level, are very interested in the aforementioned issue. In fact, if the outflow continues at the "already seen" continuity, that could lead to dramatic economic and social consequences (Sattaur, 1989). Of course, economists of the countries from which people are leaving, as well as of those in which they are arriving, closely monitor the situation.

It is important to note that the situation should be perceived firstly from the standpoint of global labour mobility. The qualified workforce moves to destinations with a promising outlook for better income. The research conducted in five countries suggests that growth in income after migration to developed countries has increased to an extremely high 40,000 - 60,000 $ per year. Of course, only highly educated employees were represented in the sample. It is certain that the stated situation creates a particular type of barrier to migrants who are not sufficiently qualified. While they can easily move to more developed areas in developed countries, such opportunities do not exist in underdeveloped countries as well as in developing countries (Gibson & McKenzie, 2010).

Of course, one must not forget the fact that the brain-drain to the most popular "destination" leaves employees from their home country in an unenviable position. For example, in the US alone, engineers from developed countries with PhDs account for 47% of the workforce working on computer software development. The situation is similar with employees in the medical profession (Gibson & McKenzie, 2011).

Also, often the emigrants in the immigrant country do the jobs for which they are overqualified. This phenomenon is called "brain-waste." According to statistical reports, educated people from the science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields are often working lower class jobs. Also, reports from 2008, from the territory of the US, indicate that 90% of emigrants with a Master's Degree and 96% of those with a PhD Degree have jobs which require only a college diploma and where most of the employees do not possess higher qualifications from their home country (Mattoo et al., 2008).

It is not a rare situation that a certain number of qualified migrants, after some time, decide to return to their home country. The most common reasons for this are improvement of the economic situation and better conditions in he labour market. Favourable outcomes of return are the logical outcome - they now "employ" their new experiences, financial resources, business connections and acquaintances in their own country.

Also, according to various researches, highly educated migrants upon returning to their country often choose to start their own business. In fact, the duration of stay and the amount of money they have earned at the destination are positively correlate with the start of entrepreneurial activity. This trend is especially present among the Turkish migrants (Dustmann& Kirchkamp, 2001).

In the opinion of many authors, when the situation is viewed from a broader perspective, the majority of migrants returning home are those who did not achieve a satisfactory performance abroad. On the other hand, those who have provided good jobs and living conditions rarely come back regardless of the situation in their home country. Consideration should be given to the trend of large multinational companies opening their branches in a growing number of developing countries, as so often the migrants, as employees of the foreign branch, return to work the same job, but now from their home country (Luo & Wang, 2001).

The Diversity of Views on the Issue

It is interesting to note that three generations of economists have different views and understandings regarding the outcome of brain-drain.

The first movement was created in the 1960s and their main conclusion, in general, was that the brain-drain has a "neutral" impact on the country of origin. In their opinion, the departure of the qualified workforce can be successfully compensated by funds/assets they leave in their country. On the other hand, there are still people in the home country who will finish the work in a proper, professional manner. Also, they point out that the free migration can only have positive implications for the world economy (Grubel &Scott, 1966).

The second generation approached this issue in a much more critical way and presented a number of models that serve as support for the established hypotheses. Specifically, the first ideas were developed during the 1970s and this group of authors claimed that the country which qualified people are leaving in search of a better life is definitely the losing side. The brain-drain from certain areas/countries leads to the creation of imbalance at the international level, where rich countries are becoming richer and the poor poorer (Bhagwati & Rodriguez, 1975).

The third movement was created in the 1990s and observes the issue differently. In their opinion, the brain-drain should actually encourage home countries in the direction of thinking about revising their educational systems, and generally about the possibility of somehow turning this phenomenon into an opportunity. With the help of well-designed programs, it is possible to attract migrants to the home country, to work on creating different network forms of cooperation between developing countries and developed countries, etc. (Stark et al., 1997).

Push and Pull Factors

And in the case of brain-drains, the situation can be considered from the point of push and pull factors (Kello & Wachter, 2004).

The strongest push factor is certainly the conditions in the country - economic, political, legal, and other. When all these factors are unfavorable, the potential for brain-drain becomes stronger. In this situation, the pull factors of the destination for which the people are leaving will act - the possibility of better income and employment, a regulated economic system, etc.

Social security and the cost of living are stated as important push and pull factors. It is certain that people will go to the destinations where their income provides better management of the cost of living. Also, social conditions which are open for good pension possibilitiesat the end of working life are very favourable.

In considering the push and pull factors, one must not forget the family and friendship ties. For example, a person will make a quicker decision to go to another country if they have relatives and/or friends there. Then, if one spouse is already living at the destination, it is more likely that the other will follow them. The same is true for the Diaspora network in the country which is the preferred destination for emigration, and so the strong Diaspora will be a strong pull factor.

Statistics also indicate that the geographical distance between the home country and the preferred destination is a very important factor in the decision relating to departure. The possibility for the family, relatives and friends to see each other often will encourage the individual's decision to leave the home country.

Consideration should be also given to the diversity of languages, possible knowledge of the destination language, possibility to learn that language fast or at all, etc. Knowledge of the language is of great importance especially for highly professional personnel, although the situation is somewhat easier due to the fact that almost all multinational companies in the world use the English language for communication at work.

In addition to these factors, it is necessary to take into consideration some other factors which at first glance may seem less important. Firstly, the age - people who have reached 40 years of age rarely decide to emigrate. One of the explanations for this phenomenon, which is the most accepted, is that young people have more opportunities to get a return on their migration investment since the amortization period is considerably longer. Also, the majority of migrants are male. Women usually go to join their spouses. However, experts in this field predict that this trend is likely to change relatively in the future (Kello & Wachter, 2004).

Recent Understanding of the Brain-drain Phenomenon

It seems that recent research on migration carries many controversial issues. By examining the literature, migration is seen as a "one-way trip" in which the home country is left without qualified personnel in whose education it has invested a lot of resources. At the same time, migrants take with them their property leaving the home country "in the red." However, recent research suggests quite the opposite - the migration of highly educated people produces low costs, and great benefit to the country of origin (in this case, developing countries).

Until recently, it was believed that brain-drain is the main reason for the shortage of educated workforce in underdeveloped or developing countries. However, the authors who conducted recent research cite many reasons to be taken into account (but cannot be linked to brain-drain). Firstly, it should be noted that a large number of factors influence an individual's decision whether and how much to invest in their education. Very strong disincentives were noted in a number of countries when it comes to the stated decision - individuals are not able to "monetize" their knowledge after leaving school due to a lack of jobs, corruption in the education system, setting excessively high fees for private education, etc. In this situation, the laws of supply and demand in the field of education lead to the fact that educational systems become really poor and low-quality. Thus, the brain-drain can be seen as a problem, but only partially (Clemens, 2013).

According to the researchers and authors, the costs of the country left by the qualified employees, i.e. which experienced a brain-drain, are much lower than traditionally believed. For example, the brain-drain, of doctors from Africa (Sahara region) has cost the home country around 2 billion $. On the other hand, in the past five or six years, the OECD countries have invested 206 billion dollars in the development of the same area (Mills et al., 2011).

Even on the assumption that migrants are not returning to their country, they carry out the transfer of money, skills and democratic ideas in different ways. Their inspiring stories can initiate a variety of improvements in the education systems.

In particular, the benefits that the home country can have in this situation could be summarized, as follows:

Ana Lee Saxenian, a professor from Berkeley University, pointed out that the development of new industries in China, India, Israel, Taiwan, is directly influenced by the educated migrants from these areas (Saxenian, 2002). In her opinion, this is the case of technology transfer and networking between countries. Author from Harvard University states that the situation is the same when it comes to patents (Kerr, 2008)

Also, young people who plan to leave the home country and seek well-paid jobs in the other, invest money in education, which regardless of the further development of the situation remains in the country of origin. The authors came to the conclusion that the Philippines and Fiji are an extreme example of that practice (Clemens, 2009).

Migrants who have good jobs annually send remarkable sums of money to the home country. For example, African doctors working in the United States or Canada, for a period of three or four years, send money which practically paid off their education (Clemens, 2011).

Also, it is important to mention the opinion of Antonio Spilimbergo from the International Monetary Fund, who states that the home country is experiencing a strong democratic influence when most of its young people seek to study in foreign democratic countries.

Brain-circulation - New Overview of the Issue

The governments of developing countries have a very serious task, and that is to work on gathering new knowledge and, in general, new ways in which things can be done. Only in this way can they become competitive in the global market. Generally, further progress of the developing countries depends on the use of knowledge, learning, new research, creation of innovation, collaboration with other countries (Kuznetsov & Sabel, 2006).

In today's knowledge society, in which globalization is becoming stronger, the "flow" of the workforce between markets has become normal. The authors cite that both countries, the home which people are leaving and the one they move to, can benefit from the knowledge and experience of high professionals. On the other hand, the trend of a qualified workforce looking for jobs not only in their country but internationally, too, is increasing, and so the authors increasingly began to write and speak about brain-circulation instead of the concept and term "brain-drain." In fact, brain-circulation is a vital process that contributes greatly to the development of a country. Many countries are developing programs and policies which will help them bring their experts "home", but also to attract a foreign qualified workforce. Of course, thus they will continuously strengthen their economy and competitiveness (Zweig, 2008).

The term "brain-circulation" was first introduced by the author Saxenian, and then numerous authors made their contributions and opinions. The term in this case emphasizes the two-way flow, i.e. the movement of the qualified workforce from country to country. After examining the literature, it can be concluded that most of the authors perceive the brain-circulation as a phenomenon typical of the modern era in which professionals migrate looking for work in different markets. This phenomenon is no longer seen as a loss, as is the case of brain-drain, but quite the opposite -the moving of intellectual resources can serve as a source of benefits for all the countries participating in the exchange (the ones which the experts are leaving and those they are coming to). The transfer of knowledge can be well used, in this case by both sides. Qualified employees are able to turn their knowledge and experience into innovative products/services which cannot be seen as a loss in any case. The developing countries whose employees have left to work in other countries shall profit from the money they send home, as well as from the innovations which promote the economic development of both countries. Brain-circulation as a global phenomenon affects the overall development of societies, nations and the global economy (Daugeliene, 2007).

The author Tung (2008) cites the factors which have a strong influence on the brain-circulation phenomenon as follows:

1. Globalization has made countries around the world interdependent, more than they have ever been in the history of mankind

2. Abolition of migration barriers which allows for the movement of workforce across different international markets (US, Canada, EU)

3. Existence of a large number of people with dual citizenship

4. Emergence and strengthening of the concept of a career without borders.

Entering the 21st century, knowledge and its diffusion are observed as initiators of the economic development of countries, both at the individual and global level. Human resources, with the characteristics of professionalism and possession of different skills have never been more important; they are the crucial factor which determines the competitiveness of a country. Therefore, every country should work on finding ways in which to attract and retain a highly qualified workforce.

Of course, consideration should be given to the fact that a country primarily must have resources, i.e. must be an attractive "destination" for the workforce. This depends on several factors, but the most important one is to provide better conditions for work and life in general (Zweig, Fung &Han, 2008).

When considering the brain-circulation trend, it seems there is no universal recipe. The author Vetrovec emphasizes that it is necessary for all countries to work toward the harmonization of policies so this trend would result in a complete "win-win-win" effect. Thus, the countries the workforce leaves would benefit from the money the migrants send to the home country, the countries in which the workforce arrives would fill the jobs with employees who can perform the work in the best possible way, and finally, the migrants would provide better living and work conditions for themselves (Vetrovec, 2007).

Many authors point out that the existence of a strong Diaspora is one of the main factors which stimulate brain-circulation, and thus economic development. Today's developed communication technology enables the Diaspora to really contribute to the development of institutions and companies in the home country (Teffera, 2004).

After examining the literature, it can be concluded that brain-circulation can be "profitable" for all parties. For example, during the 1970s and 1980s, India experienced a serious, even worrisome brain-drain. The qualified workforce left the country in large numbers and went to the West, in particular the US. However, this trend has now "reversed" - many Indian experts, trained in the US, have returned to India bringing with them knowledge and practical experience. This particularly applies to cities like Bangalore, Delhi, Hyderabad and Mumbai. These cities have received back a large number of professionals from the IT, finance and management fields (Chacko, 2007).

The situation is similar when it comes to China. However, the government has found a way to include students living and studying abroad in different national programs. Also, in 2001, the country adopted a new policy that has encouraged all Chinese immigrants to be involved in the modernization of their country. Of course, before that, a platform was created which allowed the best ways for their contribution. China is an example of a country that is not afraid of brain-circulation counting on all forms of assistance from the Diaspora.

The use of all the advantages of a strong Diaspora no longer leaves the country "desperate" when the qualified personnel migrate. Through various forms of exchange, they can always provide the necessary assistance to the development of the home country, and so contribute to further economic development. In particular, the measures taken by China relate to the following: 1. Opening of centres for post-doctoral studies in order to attract Chinese PhD students who have completed this part of their education abroad, 2. Opening of incubators for employees in the field ofhigh technology, 3. Increased allocations in research centres, 4. Creating good working conditions for migrants who return to the home country, 5. Implementation of the program "Serve the Nation Without Returning to the Nation" (Zweig, Fung & Han, 2008).

Movement of Workforce at the Global Level

The new world economic consensus is deepened and widened the gap between rich and poor. From 1990 to 2011, the number of extremely poor has expanded from 217 million to 415 million people. The average life expectancy of the population in those environments is 56 years and the daily wage is less than $ 1.25 (Momirovic, Jankovic &Randelovic, 2016). On the other hand, the according to the UN global database the number of international migrants is growing dramatically - in 1960 there were 75 million, while in 2010 the number increased to 215 million. Analysts have tried to determine the underlying causes, and so they naturally took into account the total population growth at the global level. However, they came to the conclusion that this trend did not cause the growth of migration to this extent. The factor that has drastically increased the number of migrants, especially in the 1990s, is the dissolution of the USSR.

When observing the movement of migrants to more developed countries with high incomes, it can definitely be concluded that the number of migrants is steadily growing. Measured proportionally, in 2010, the number of people who sought ?a better life? in a foreign country tripled compared to the1960s (http://esa.un.org/migration).

Most migrants come from countries which do not belong to the OECD Group. According to valid statistical indicators, migration on the line of underdeveloped and developed OECD countries continues to dominate, which amounts to 72.6 million people, or 45% of international migration recorded in 2010. Then, there is the movement from developing countries to developed countries, or expressed numerically - 55 million people, accounting for 38% of total migration. And finally, there are movements between the developed countries, although their participation is the lowest and amounts to 28 million people, or 17% of the total international migration (?zden, Parsons, Schiff & Walmsley, 2011).

The share of highly educated migrants is much higher than in the lower educated. The most dramatic brain-drain was recorded in the small poor tropical countries, and the trend particularly intensified after the 1990s. Haiti and Jamaica can be mentioned as good examples, where nearly 80% of educated people have immigrated to another country. Also, about 20 countries have lost almost a third, even half of university-educated personnel, and among them are Libya, Somalia, Cambodia, Afghanistan, Hong Kong, Ireland (Docquier, Lowell & Marfouk, 2009).

OECD countries are the territories with the highest brain inflow, up to 85% of highly educated migrants from various countries around the world.

Authors Docquier and Marfouk cite that the term ?highly educated emigrant? means any person older than 25 who came from another country and has an academic diploma. Also, we should mention the category of illegal emigrants regarding the migrants who do not have a resolved relocation status. After a certain period, they either return to the home country or regularize their status in the country where they decided to live (Docquier & Marfouk, 2006).

Exploring the literature on the brain-drain issue, we can conclude that this phenomenon is very present and current from different social aspects. Human capital and knowledge, are the driving force of development of every country, so at first it can be concluded that the brain-drain from underdeveloped and developing countries is detrimental to the overall situation of these countries. On the other hand, the countries to which educated people are going to find jobs and obtain better living conditions, are in a position to brain-gain. However, analyzing the available theories we encountered three completely contradictory economic standpoints when it comes to the outcome of brain-drains. The first consider that the brain drain has a ?neutral? impact on the home country. The second generation of researchers claims that the country which qualified people are leaving in search of a better life definitely suffers a loss, while the third movement argues that the brain-drain could actually be observed as an opportunity and incentive for the home countries in the direction of thinking about revising the educational systems.

There are a number of push and pull factors which influence the brain-drain phenomenon and that are generated fom the general social, economic, family to geographical and natural conditions. Recent research has shown that the home country shall experience a strong democratic influence when a large number of young people are looking to study in foreign democratic countries. On the other hand, those who leave their home countries after graduation continue to send money, usually for different family reasons, which has a great significance in most underdeveloped countries in the overall economic order. In the research of any social phenomena the globalization factor must not be forgotten. It affects the transformation of the brain-drain phenomenon to brain-circulation phenomenon. Many countries are developing programs and policies which shall help in returning their experts "home", and also attract foreign qualified personnel by simultaneously strengthening its economy and competitiveness. Recent research suggests that taking advantage of a strong Diaspora no longer leaves the country "desperate" when qualified personnel migrate. Through various forms of exchange, they can always provide the necessary assistance to the development of the home country and thus contribute to its further economic development.

We can conclude, based on the data we obtained, that the number of people in 2010 who sought "a better life" in a foreign country tripled compared to the 1960s (http://esa. un.org/migration). This alarming figure is the motive for authors to continue to work on this phenomenon in the context of their country.

Ana Lee Saxenian (2002). Transnational Communities and the Evolution of Global Production Networks: The cases of Taiwan, China and India. Industry and Innovation 9, no3, 183-202 Available at

www.cgdev.org/files/4473_file_Global_Hunt_for_Talent_Brief.pdf , last accessed 9 October 2008.

Bhagwati, Jagdish N. & Carlos Rodriguez (1975): Welfare theoretical analyses of the brain drain, Journal of Development Economics, 2, 3: 195-222.

Cervantes, Mario & Dominique Guellec (2002) -The brain drain: Old myths, new realities, OECD Observer No. 230, January.

Chacko, E. (2007). From brain drain to brain gain: reverse migration to Bangalore and Hyderabad, India's globalizing high tech cities. Geo Journal, 131 - 140.

Daugeliene, R. (2007). The position of knowledge workers in knowledge-based economy: migration aspect. European Integration Studies (1), 103 - 112.

Docquier, F. & A. Marfouk (2006): International migration by educational attainment (1990-2000). International Migration, Remittances and Development, Palgrave Macmillan: New York.

Docquier, F., B. L. Lowell & A. Marfouk. (2009) A gendered assessment of highly skilled emigration. Population and Development Review 35/2. 297-322.

Docquier, Frédéric & Hillel Rapoport. (2006) The brain drain, in L. Blume and S. Durlauf (eds.) New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (second edition), London: Palgrave and MacMillan.

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Nevena Krasulja1

UNION University; - Nikola "Tesla,

Faculty of Business Studies and Law

Milica Vasiljevic Blagojevic2

College of Health and Professional Studies, Belgrade

Ivana Radojevic3

Metropolitan University, Faculty of Management

SCIENTIFIC REVIEW ARTICLE

doi:10.5937/ekonomika1603131K

Received: Jun 4, 2016

Accepted: July 14, 2016

1 [email protected]

2 [email protected]

3 [email protected]

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PDF Eight Questions about Brain Drain
Brain drain is the emigration of a nation's most highly skilled individuals, often to developed countries. This paper reviews the recent empirical literature on brain drain and answers eight key questions about its causes, effects, and potential benefits for sending countries.
Brain Drain Essay
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Brain Drain [Sample Essays and Vocabulary]
Learn how to write about brain drain, a phenomenon of skilled people leaving poor countries for rich ones, in IELTS writing test. Find vocabulary, ideas and sample essays for problems and solutions and both views questions.
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Learn what brain drain is, how it affects developing and developed countries, and what are the factors and types of brain drain. Read an essay on brain drain with examples, facts, and solutions from Vedantu.
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A sample essay that explores the factors, impacts, and remedies of brain drain, the migration of skilled professionals from developing to developed countries. Learn about the economic, political, and educational aspects of brain drain and how countries can address it.
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Learn what brain drain is and how it affects both home and host countries. Find out the main causes, impacts and strategies to counteract this global phenomenon in 100, 250 and 500 words essays.
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Essay topics. 4 essay samples found. Sort & filter. 1 Brain Drain: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions ... Brain Drain, often described as the emigration of highly skilled and educated individuals from less developed or unstable regions to more developed regions, is a phenomenon deeply ingrained in the global socio-economic landscape. ...
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Essay of the Week: Brain drain in the developing world. Our band nine sample essays give you the opportunity to learn from successful essays that show off the best structure, vocabulary and grammar. This problem and solution type essay is about the complex issue of 'brain drain' in the developing world. An increasing number of professionals ...
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The first essay is a long essay on Brain Drain of 400-500 words. This long essay about Brain Drain is suitable for students of class 7, 8, 9 and 10, and also for competitive exam aspirants. The second essay is a short essay on Brain Drain of 150-200 words. These are suitable for students and children in class 6 and below.
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In the median country in their data we calculate that the brain drain rate for tertiary-. ed ucated individuals is 7.3 times that of individuals with only primary education, and 3.5 times. 4. that ...
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Brain drain is the process of highly educated and productive individuals leaving their home country to pursue better opportunities abroad. Learn about the causes, effects, and possible solutions of this phenomenon on both developing and advanced economies.
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The pervasive issue of 'brain drain,' wherein skilled professionals, particularly doctors and teachers, migrate from poorer countries to more developed ones, presents a myriad of problems for the nations experiencing this phenomenon. This essay explores the multifaceted challenges arising from brain drain and proposes viable solutions to mitigate its adverse effects | Band: 7
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Pages • 6. Paper Type: 1400 Word Essay Examples. 1.Brain drain is basically understood as the country's loss of highly-skilled human capital together with a simultaneous lack of "brain circulation", that is, the flow of talent from one country to another country. Pakistan is facing a twofold challenge, on the one hand an alarming ...
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In this essay, an attempt is made to answer the questions about what causes brain drain, what are the impacts of brain drain toward the developing countries, and whether the high level of education really has a positive relation with the tendency people to emigrate. ... High income is one of the reason why people want to move far away from ...
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This document is an in-depth study conducted by UNESCO on the brain drain problem, which is the emigration of highly skilled workers from developing to developed countries. It examines the factors that contribute to brain drain, its impact on the development of the sending countries, and the possible solutions and role of UNESCO in this regard.
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Writing task 2: IELTS Essay: Solutions to the brain drain. You should spend 40 minutes on this task. Write about the following topic: An increasing number of professionals, such as doctors and teachers, are leaving their own poorer countries to work in developed countries.
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The brain-drain from certain areas/countries leads to the creation of imbalance at the international level, where rich countries are becoming richer and the poor poorer (Bhagwati & Rodriguez, 1975). ... Gibson, J. & McKenzie, D. (2011) Eight Questions about Brain Drain. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 25 (3): 107-28. Government of India ...
Brain Drain Essays: Examples, Topics, & Outlines
Brain Drain in both Developed and Developing Economies: Brain drain defines as the personnel migration in the search of better standards of living and an expected quality of life, which includes accessible advanced technologies, better paid jobs and sometimes a more stable political condition in different places around the world. The professionals who migrate for better work opportunities ...

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