A clear and succinct description of your research.
A brief explanation of what you propose to research, why the research is of value and how you propose to go about it. Your introduction should summarise your problem statement, motivation and original approach in a way that can readily communicate why it is worth pursuing. You can think of the introduction as the equivalent of abstracts in research articles.
A thorough examination of key pieces of research relating to your topic. You should use the literature review to identify gaps in, or problems with, existing research to justify why further or new research is required.
A detailed presentation of your proposed project and study. Building upon the previous section, in this part you develop your thoughts and arguments on the research problem or question you identified. You should explain why your proposed work is novel and significant and you should provide details on how you propose to go about developing it. You may want to provide a chapter summary or a roadmap of your investigation.
A clear description of your choice of methodology, including details of research questions, methods of data collection, sampling and analytical strategy. A time schedule showing key activities would be useful.
Any literature cited in the proposal should be listed at the end of the document. Use of Harvard or OSCOLA referencing is recommended.
*Word count excludes footnotes.
Detailed Walkthrough + Free Proposal Template
If you’re getting started crafting your research proposal and are looking for a few examples of research proposals , you’ve come to the right place.
In this video, we walk you through two successful (approved) research proposals , one for a Master’s-level project, and one for a PhD-level dissertation. We also start off by unpacking our free research proposal template and discussing the four core sections of a research proposal, so that you have a clear understanding of the basics before diving into the actual proposals.
If you’re working on a research proposal for a dissertation or thesis, you may also find the following useful:
PS – If you’re working on a dissertation, be sure to also check out our collection of dissertation and thesis examples here .
Research proposal example: frequently asked questions, are the sample proposals real.
Yes. The proposals are real and were approved by the respective universities.
As we discuss in the video, every research proposal will be slightly different, depending on the university’s unique requirements, as well as the nature of the research itself. Therefore, you’ll need to tailor your research proposal to suit your specific context.
You can learn more about the basics of writing a research proposal here .
You can access our free proposal template here .
Yes. There is no cost for the proposal template and you are free to use it as a foundation for your research proposal.
For self-directed learners, our Research Proposal Bootcamp is a great starting point.
For students that want hands-on guidance, our private coaching service is recommended.
This post is an extract from our bestselling short course, Research Proposal Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .
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As part of the application for admission onto our MJur, MPhil and PhD programmes, you must prepare a research proposal outlining your proposed area of study.
A research proposal is a concise and coherent summary of your proposed research. It sets out the central issues or questions that you intend to address. It outlines the general area of study within which your research falls, referring to the current state of knowledge and any recent debates on the topic. It also demonstrates the originality of your proposed research.
The proposal is the most important document that you submit as part of the application process. It gives you an opportunity to demonstrate that you have the aptitude for graduate level research, for example, by demonstrating that you have the ability to communicate complex ideas clearly, concisely and critically. The proposal also helps us to match your research interest with an appropriate supervisor.
Regardless of whether you are applying for the MJur, MPhil or PhD programmes, your research proposal should normally include the following information:
This is just a tentative title for your intended research. You will be able to revise your title during the course of your research if you are accepted for admission.
Examples of the thesis titles of some of our current and recent research students can be seen on our Current Projects page .
2. Abstract
The proposal should include a concise statement of your intended research of no more than 100 words. This may be a couple of sentences setting out the problem that you want to examine or the central question that you wish to address.
3. Research Context
You should explain the broad background against which you will conduct your research. You should include a brief overview of the general area of study within which your proposed research falls, summarising the current state of knowledge and recent debates on the topic. This will allow you to demonstrate a familiarity with the relevant field as well as the ability to communicate clearly and concisely.
4. Research Questions
The proposal should set out the central aims and questions that will guide your research. Before writing your proposal, you should take time to reflect on the key questions that you are seeking to answer. Many research proposals are too broad, so reflecting on your key research questions is a good way to make sure that your project is sufficiently narrow and feasible (i.e. one that is likely to be completed with the normal period for a MJur, MPhil or PhD degree).
You might find it helpful to prioritize one or two main questions, from which you can then derive a number of secondary research questions. The proposal should also explain your intended approach to answering the questions: will your approach be empirical, doctrinal or theoretical etc?
5. Research Methods
The proposal should outline your research methods, explaining how you are going to conduct your research. Your methods may include visiting particular libraries or archives, field work or interviews.
Most research is library-based. If your proposed research is library-based, you should explain where your key resources (e.g. law reports, journal articles) are located (in the Law School’s library, Westlaw etc). If you plan to conduct field work or collect empirical data, you should provide details about this (e.g. if you plan interviews, who will you interview? How many interviews will you conduct? Will there be problems of access?). This section should also explain how you are going to analyse your research findings.
6. Significance of Research
The proposal should demonstrate the originality of your intended research. You should therefore explain why your research is important (for example, by explaining how your research builds on and adds to the current state of knowledge in the field or by setting out reasons why it is timely to research your proposed topic).
7. Bibliography
The proposal should include a short bibliography identifying the most relevant works for your topic.
The proposal should usually be around 2,500 words. It is important to bear in mind that specific funding bodies might have different word limits.
We recognise that you are likely still developing your research topic. We therefore recommend that you contact a member of our staff with appropriate expertise to discuss your proposed research. If there is a good fit between your proposed research and our research strengths, we will give you advice on a draft of your research proposal before you make a formal application. For details of our staff and there areas of expertise please visit our staff pages .
Read a sample proposal from a successful application
Birmingham Law School is home to a broad range of internationally excellent and world-leading legal academics, with a thriving postgraduate research community. The perfect place for your postgraduate study.
Law PhD / PhD by Distance Learning / MPhil / MJur
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The relationship between international law and domestic law revolves around two doctrines namely monism and dualism. The application of an international legal instrument such as treaty, agreement or charter in the domestic legal order of a country is based on whether a country follow a dualist or monist approach. Nigeria is a dualist country meaning that the domestic court does not automatically apply international law. As a dualist nation, international law has no effect in domestic law in the absence of legislation to incorporate it into rules of the Nigerian domestic legal order. Nigeria is the first common law country in Africa to incorporate the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights in its domestic legal order. This research will mainly focus on the relationship between international law and domestic law. Then, it concentrates on the analysis of the application of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights in the Nigerian domestic legal order. The analysis will look at how the judicial arm of government in Nigeria apply or interpret the African Charter in the adjudication of cases brought before it by individuals invoking the African Charter to enforce their fundamental rights in the Nigerian courts. The analysis will show that so far, there has been limited or infinitesimal use or application of the African Charter by Nigerian courts as revealed by judicial jurisprudence.
Commonwealth Law Bulletin
Eghosa O Ekhator
ABSTRACT The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Charter) establishes a system or mechanism for the promotion and protection of human rights in Africa within the framework of the African Union (formerly known as the Organisation of African Unity). The African Charter promotes a range of human rights such as civil and political, socio-economic and cultural, individual and collective rights. The African Charter is the first regional mechanism to incorporate the different classes of human rights in a single document. There have been a plethora of academic postulations indicating that the African Charter has impacted Nigerian Law minimally. This article contends that the African Charter has impacted positively on Nigerian law notwithstanding the academic postulations to the contrary.
Kehinde Balogun
The Place of Customary International Law in the Nigerian Legal System – A Jurisprudential Perspective
Edupedia Publications
Every society has a framework of laws and principles upon which it develops. The international society, thus posits various rules upon which the sovereign states and other subjects of international law may develop in pursuit of the actualization of their interests. A similar situation obtains in Nigeria where her legal system prescribes various laws towards regulating social relations within her jurisdiction. As a sovereign state, Nigeria remains subject to international law with the incidental international responsibility for any breach of same. Though her legal system allows for the enforcement of international treaties in her municipal courts subject to certain qualifications, the law appears to be silent on the status of customary international law. This paper argues that customary international law forms part of the Nigerian legal system and should be applied where appropriate towards the maintenance of peaceful co-existence between all interests represented in the Nigerian society.
Isdore Ozuo
Over the years, uncertainty has fathered the applicability or otherwise of customary international law in Nigeria. The legislature by omission or commission failed to provide for the place of customary international law in our laws. This precarious situation is peculiar to customary international law because article 12 of the Nigerian Constitution took care of the application of treaties but nowhere under our enactment was the application of customary international law addressed. This is notwithstanding the fact that treaties and customary international law are both sources of international law. This work examines the position of customary international law in other jurisdiction spread among the five continents so as to determine how international custom ought to be treated. The work also considers our case laws as regards the practice of customary international law in Nigeria to discern the position adopted by our courts. To accomplice this project, this work is divided into five chapters. The first chapter will aid us in understanding the true concept and nature of international law and its development. The second chapter throws light on the sources of international law particularly customary international law. The third chapter takes us on a voyage to the five continents of the world to decipher their relationship with international law via treaties and customary international law. The fourth chapter transports us back to the position in Nigeria and finally chapter five deals with the implication of various practices adopted by states with respect to customary international law, recommendations and of course the conclusion.
Problems of Legality
Enya Nwocha
LAWAL ABDULMUTHALIB
Human rights have enjoyed tremendous attention and expansion at the global level. To concretize and energise human rights protection at national level, virtually all national constitutions embody human rights either in their preamble or substantive provisions. In Nigeria, human rights are embodied in two separate chapters, encapsulating both the civil and political rights and the economic, social and cultural rights. This paper undertakes a critical content analysis of the provisions of human rights in the 1999 Nigerian Constitution with particular reference to its applicability. It raises pertinent issues and problems in some provisions which negate and undermine human rights goal and jurisprudence. today , human rights issues have not only become a global concern but remarkable interest aimed at protecting and promoting universal respect for, and observance of, human rights has continually been shown at the international, regional and national levels. Indeed " the issue of human rights, in the recent past, has penetrated the international dialogue, become an active ingredient in interstate relations and has burst the sacred bounds of national sovereignty. " The formation of the United Nations Organisation and the promulgation and adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights provided a firm foundation for the historical developments and globalisation of human rights.
christian okeke
II. THE COLONIAL AND COMMON LAW BACKGROUNDS OF GHANA AND NIGERIA 378 A. The Colonial Experiences of Ghana and Nigeria 378 B. The Common Law Origins of Ghana 381 C. The Common Law Traditions of Nigeria 384
Abdulhafeez O L A Y I N K A Mohammad
Law and Justice are two contentious concepts with an age long history of difficulty in definition. Perhaps different scholars have their own notion of the two concepts, but the fact remains that there is no unanimous conception about the two. This paper presents the two concepts with a view to appraise both and find a meeting point for both concepts and where they depart. The paper argues that the main reason for the existence of laws is to attain justice, even though some would consider law as law, whether just or unjust. Using principles and thoughts of renowned writers of the field therefore, this paper brings their theories into perspectives. The paper ends with certain examples which could be found in Nigeria, particularly as the courts try to interpret laws in order to attain justice. The paper recommends a swift approach to curbing injustices with prompt amendment of laws and a more vibrant judiciary in Nigeria.
Timilehin Ojo
Amana Mohammed Yusuf
The rule of law was conceived as something that should map out the way and means of peaceful coexistence, progress and development of the society under a uniform rule-guided system. All sectors composed in the society are to be governed and subjected to the law. Over the years, the rule of law has progressively developed and has metamorphosed to have so many faces and has produced different results. These results are negative and positive in most cases. In few others the result is one that shows a complete misunderstanding and misapplication of the concept for ends other than what it was intended to achieve. It is, therefore, the quest of this article to reflect on the origin, meaning, and development of the rule of law. In the end, the article reveals that there is a failure to understand and appreciate the whole gamut of rule of law in most countries across the globe. The trend shows that in the Nigerian context the concept is by and large judiciously applied but politically, it is used mischievously for ulterior motives. Finally, the article suggests that time has come to add a few other requirements for the rule of law in order to give politics, law and governance a new face that is rule of law friendly.
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Olusegun Obaloluwa
Ikenga Oraegbunam
Carnelian Journal of Law and Politics CJLP
Adegoke Fadekemi
Malachi Elisha Brown, LL.M, M.Sc, PhD and Evangel Augustine Esq, LL.M
SCSR Journals (www.scholarconsult.com)
Busingye Kabumba
adedeji akeem okemuyiwa zakare
Kolawole K Oyeyemi
Bukola Oyaleke
Pandecta: Research Law Journal
Ijaiya Hakeem
21st September Consultant
Mohammed I S
Olusola Toluwanimi Festus
Olusola T O L U W A N I M I Festus
A SYNOPSIS OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND ITS ENFORCEMENT IN NIGERIA
Mofiyinfoluwa Odetoyinbo
Mojeed O L U J I N M I A . Alabi
Magnus Killander
Hakeem Yusuf
Elite Project Writers
Akinrinade S A M U E L Adewuyi
Evangelle Austin-Amadi
International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Review
Peter Ikechukwu EMEJURU
Bode Osanaiye
Institute For Peace and Conflict Resolution
Israel Adoba
Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
Published on October 12, 2022 by Shona McCombes and Tegan George. Revised on November 21, 2023.
A research proposal describes what you will investigate, why it’s important, and how you will conduct your research.
The format of a research proposal varies between fields, but most proposals will contain at least these elements:
Literature review.
While the sections may vary, the overall objective is always the same. A research proposal serves as a blueprint and guide for your research plan, helping you get organized and feel confident in the path forward you choose to take.
Research proposal purpose, research proposal examples, research design and methods, contribution to knowledge, research schedule, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research proposals.
Academics often have to write research proposals to get funding for their projects. As a student, you might have to write a research proposal as part of a grad school application , or prior to starting your thesis or dissertation .
In addition to helping you figure out what your research can look like, a proposal can also serve to demonstrate why your project is worth pursuing to a funder, educational institution, or supervisor.
Show your reader why your project is interesting, original, and important. | |
Demonstrate your comfort and familiarity with your field. Show that you understand the current state of research on your topic. | |
Make a case for your . Demonstrate that you have carefully thought about the data, tools, and procedures necessary to conduct your research. | |
Confirm that your project is feasible within the timeline of your program or funding deadline. |
The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.
One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.
Download our research proposal template
Discover proofreading & editing
Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.
Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:
The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.
Your introduction should:
To guide your introduction , include information about:
As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.
In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:
Following the literature review, restate your main objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.
? or ? , , or research design? | |
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To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.
For example, your results might have implications for:
Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .
Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.
Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.
Download our research schedule template
Research phase | Objectives | Deadline |
---|---|---|
1. Background research and literature review | 20th January | |
2. Research design planning | and data analysis methods | 13th February |
3. Data collection and preparation | with selected participants and code interviews | 24th March |
4. Data analysis | of interview transcripts | 22nd April |
5. Writing | 17th June | |
6. Revision | final work | 28th July |
If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.
Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:
To determine your budget, think about:
If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Methodology
Statistics
Research bias
Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .
Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.
I will compare …
A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.
Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.
A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.
A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.
A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.
All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.
Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.
Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.
The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
McCombes, S. & George, T. (2023, November 21). How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved August 22, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-proposal/
Other students also liked, how to write a problem statement | guide & examples, writing strong research questions | criteria & examples, how to write a literature review | guide, examples, & templates, what is your plagiarism score.
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legal research student to understand what are supposed to have in their head(s) before staring writing research legal proposal. The second category of this article covers the main theme of the article. At this category, an author articulate parts of legal research proposal including research title, statement of the
The research proposal: Centre for Applied Human Rights1. Your research proposal will be carefully considered by the Centre's faculty. The main purposes of the proposal are (a) to allow the admissions team to check the feasibility and potential originality of the research; (b) to ensure that we are able to allocate each successful applicant to ...
The idea, here, is to also assist you in choosing and refining your own. research area/question(s), as well as place your investigation within the general research already carried out. It is essential that the proposal should set out the central aims and the key research question(s) that will guide your research in a justified and logical manner.
through preparing a relatively generic research proposal. Specific programs or funding applications may ask for answers to specific questions, specific formats, or other things. Be sure to read these carefully. There are many ways to go about developing and writing up a research proposal, and we offer our suggestions in the hope that they help you.
Developing a Paper Proposal and Preparing to Write. Keep this list next to you as you develop your paper idea to help guide your research and writing process. LL.M. students should be sure to use this in combination with other guidance and resources on paper writing provided by the Graduate Program. Pick a topic and approach.
candidates to redraft their proposals until the requisite detail and depth have been achieved. Candidates are then required to submit their research proposals for consideration by the Law Faculty Higher Degrees Committee which will recommend , acceptance or otherwise of the proposal to the relevant Faculty Board.
A research synopsis serves as a concise outline of a researcher thesis or research project, providing an overview of the research problems, objectives, methodology, and data collection methods.
This is particularly relevant for socio-legal orientated studies where law reform is being suggested. Avoid being vague in your research proposal with phrases such as 'try to', 'see if' and 'have a look act'. Instead, make positive statements such as 'examine', 'evaluate', 'analyse' and 'assess'.
The Law Proposal and Dissertation Writing Guide is a comprehensive and invaluable resource designed to assist law students and researchers in the complex and demanding process of conceiving, developing, and completing a successful law dissertation or thes ... Vital to a successful dissertation is a narrowly defined problem. As a research paper ...
The best research proposals tend to focus on discrete and well-confined subject areas. Relying upon a comparison to provide the intellectual component of the proposal, whether that is a comparison between different institutions, different bodies of law or different countries. Comparative research proposals are worthy if properly thought out.
statement is about the content of a law, then the citation of the appropriate law and section in that law is required. The style of the footnotes must follow the prescribed format which is attached to the Guidelines. If the format is not followed, the proposal will not be acceptable. C. DISSERTATION WRITING 1. Logical and coherent writing
Introduction. (up to 250 words) Your research questions and focus. A brief explanation of what you propose to research, why the research is of value and how you propose to go about it. Your introduction should summarise your problem statement, motivation and original approach in a way that can readily communicate why it is worth pursuing.
Research Proposal Template. The fastest (and smartest) way to craft a convincing proposal and get your dissertation or research project approved. Available in Google Doc, Word & PDF format. 4.9 star rating, 5000+ downloads. Download Now (Instant access)
A r esearch proposal is a document written by a researcher that provides a detailed description of. the pr oposed pr ogram. It is like an outline of the entire research process that gives a reader ...
Introduction Writing a legal research is not a new phenomenal, it has been written since then.2 Various authors have written different articles to present legal skills among other things for legal writing proposal.3 Cordon4 state that Not only does the 1992 Mac Crate Report, issued by the American Bar Association Task Force on Law Schools and ...
PART FIVE CONCLUSION 5.0 CONCLUSION This guidance is only complementary to Mzumbe University guidelines on research proposal and report writing which apply to candidates in the faculty of law. It provides some basic ideas in preparing a research proposal and in writing a research report. It is therefore a means to an end and not an end in itself.
Research Proposal Example/Sample. Detailed Walkthrough + Free Proposal Template. If you're getting started crafting your research proposal and are looking for a few examples of research proposals, you've come to the right place. In this video, we walk you through two successful (approved) research proposals, one for a Master's-level ...
6. Significance of Research . The proposal should demonstrate the originality of your intended research. You should therefore explain why your research is important (for example, by explaining how your research builds on and adds to the current state of knowledge in the field or by setting out reasons why it is timely to research your proposed ...
dy of interdisciplinary scholarship seekin. to analyze law as a linguistic phenomenon. This work draws upon the theory and methods of 4 established disciplines such as sociolinguistics, sem. otics, and literary theory in order. to gainnew insight into the legal process. Applying resear.
The paper ends with certain examples which could be found in Nigeria, particularly as the courts try to interpret laws in order to attain justice. ... PhD RESEARCH PROPOSAL NAME: MUSTAPHA BASHIR BELLO THESIS TITLE: The Relationship between International Law and Domestic Law: An Analysis of the application of the African Charter on Human and ...
Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: "A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management".
1. Write a descriptive title that directly describes the intended research. 2. Write an introduction which summarises the proposed research directions in the present tense. 3. Write a literature review which positions your proposed research in the field. It should show how the work of other scholars connects to your proposed topic and identify ...
Thesis Proposal Guidelines 1 Thesis Proposal Guidelines Due: Wednesday, July 12 2017 at 3pm (Firm deadline - no extensions!) Prepare a succinct proposal (typically 6-8 double-spaced pages, 1" margins, 12 pt font) concisely describing your proposed project, why it is important, and what you hope to learn from it. Avoid