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Clinical experimental stress studies: methods and assessment
- PMID: 26020552
- DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0004
Stress is a state of threatened homeostasis during which a variety of adaptive processes are activated to produce physiological and behavioral changes. Stress induction methods are pivotal for understanding these physiological or pathophysiological changes in the body in response to stress. Furthermore, these methods are also important for the development of novel pharmacological agents for stress management. The well-described methods to induce stress in humans include the cold pressor test, Trier Social Stress Test, Montreal Imaging Stress Task, Maastricht Acute Stress Test, CO2 challenge test, Stroop test, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task, noise stress, and Mannheim Multicomponent Stress Test. Stress assessment in humans is done by measuring biochemical markers such as cortisol, cortisol awakening response, dexamethasone suppression test, salivary α-amylase, plasma/urinary norepinephrine, norepinephrine spillover rate, and interleukins. Physiological and behavioral changes such as galvanic skin response, heart rate variability, pupil size, and muscle and/or skin sympathetic nerve activity (microneurography) and cardiovascular parameters such as heart rate, blood pressure, and self-reported anxiety are also monitored to assess stress response. This present review describes these commonly employed methods to induce stress in humans along with stress assessment methods.
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Common Experiments in Stress Analysis
- First Online: 23 February 2023
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- C. Sujatha 2
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This chapter describes nineteen different experiments which can be conducted in the laboratory to understand experimental stress analysis using strain gauge based transducers. The relevant theory of mechanics of solids and stress-strain relationships for various types of loading have been described in Chapter 6 and strain gauge transducers in Chapter 7. The description of every experiment starts with the aim, relevant theory, test rig and procedure, as well as how to report and validate the results. The choice of strain gauges and simple rigs that can easily be fabricated in the workshop for specific experiments are suggested. The presentation is such that an academician could mix and match these experiments to suit the laboratory courses being taught at undergraduate or postgraduate level. Besides, questions are provided at the end of every experiment, which will provoke the reader to think and gain a better understanding of the subject.
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Sujatha, C. (2023). Common Experiments in Stress Analysis. In: Vibration, Acoustics and Strain Measurement. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03968-3_12
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COMMENTS
Stress responses can be measured with self-report measures, behavioral coding, or via physiological measurements. These responses include emotions, cognitions, behaviors, and physiological responses instigated by the stressful stimuli.
The well-described methods to induce stress in humans include the cold pressor test, Trier Social Stress Test, Montreal Imaging Stress Task, Maastricht Acute Stress Test, CO2 challenge test, Stroop test, Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task, noise stress, and Mannheim Multicomponent Stress Test.
Experimental Strain Analysis. David Roylance Department of Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA 02139 February 23, 2001. Introduction.
Stress analysis can be performed experimentally by applying forces to a test element or structure and then determining the resulting stress using sensors. In this case the process would more properly be known as testing ( destructive or non-destructive ).
Experimental Stress Analysis (ESA) is the analysis of the mechanical stress state in materials, which is performed through experiments using strain gauge measurements. Learn the existing types of stress, their origin and states, or how to determine stress from measured strains by reading about it below.
In the present state of development of experimental stress analysis techniques, photoelasticity is the method best suited to determine the distributions in models subjected to three-dimensional states of stress.
INTRODUCTION. Photoelasticity is an experimental technique for stress and strain analysis that is particularly useful for members having complicated geometry, complicated loading conditions, or both.
This chapter describes nineteen different experiments which can be conducted in the laboratory to understand experimental stress analysis using strain gauge based transducers.
Experimental stress analysis, then, is actually experimental strain analysis. The difficulty is that strains in the linear elastic regime are almost always small, on the order of 1% or less, and the art in this field is that of detecting and interpreting small displacements.
Overview of Experimental Stress Analysis. 10. Selection of an Experimental Technique. Discussion on selection of an experimental technique contd., References.