unit 8 promoting public health assignment 1 p1

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L3 HSC Unit 8 Promoting Health: Assignment 1 OUTLINE/INSTRUCTIONS

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Age range: 16+

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13 December 2024

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Here is an Instruction booklet for Unit 8 Assignment 1, one of the Units you study for L3 Health and Social, Its detailed and Precise, for the following information below.

Unit number and Title: 8 Promoting Public Health

Learning aim(s) A: Examine strategies for developing public health policy to improve the health of individuals and the population

**B: **Examine the factors affecting health and the impact of addressing these factors to improve public health

**Assignment Title: **Our Healthy Nation?

8/A.P1 Explain the strategies used to develop public health policy in order for it to meet its aims. 8/A.P2 Explain how monitoring information to determine patterns of health and ill health is used by government to inform the creation of public health policy. 8/B.P3 Explain factors affecting current patterns of health and ill health in a specific demographic area. 8/B.P4 Explain the impact of public health policy in minimising these factors in relation to a specific demographic area. 8/A.M1 Analyse how public health policy is influenced by strategies and patterns of health and ill health. 8/B.M2 Assess the extent to which factors affect current patterns of health and ill health with reference to a specific demographic area. 8/B.M3 Assess how minimising the factors affecting health can contribute to improving the health of the population in relation to the area. 8/AB.D1 Evaluate how far the use of strategies and monitoring the health status of the population helps public health policy to meet its aims in reducing the factors that influence public health, with reference to a specific demographic area

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Unit 8: Habibatu Jalloh

Promoting Public health

Learning Aims:

A- Examine strategies for developing public health policy to improve the health of individuals and the population.

B- Examine the factors affecting health and the impact of addressing these factors to improve public health.

P1: Explain the strategies used to develop public health policy for it to meet its aims.

M1: Analyse how public health policy is influenced by strategies and patterns of health and ill health.

Public health is about promoting general population health, better hygiene preventing the risk of diseases The national health service was started in 1948 to give the British public access to free healthcare regardless of status and it was vital in helping the country recover from World War 2.

The department of health (DH) is responsible for identifying the nation's health needs, how best to reduce risk and identify early signs of disease. They work alongside agencies such as the CQC, NHS England and health Education England to develop policies and legislation about public health and how to monitor the needs of individuals, reduce wealth inequalities and “ensuring that our health services are the most effective, most efficient and equally accessible” 1. Some of the present policies that are in use are

♡ Children’s health

♡ Drug misuse and dependency

♡ Obesity and healthy eating

Along with the rest of the active policies each get broken down into additional concerns for example with smoking and use of tobacco, Nicorette found alternative ways to lower intake of nicotine so it would be easier to quit and offers support and help the person create achievable and sustainable goals towards smoking cessation.

The three main strategies used to develop public health policy are:

Identifying and monitoring needs ☆

Pla☆ nning and evaluating national provision of health care

Minimizing harm from the environment☆

The NHS did not become responsible for the majority of public health until 1974 to this, the NHS was forming, extending across the country and regaining responsibility for all people' health. However, because the health demands of the people vary greatly across rural and urban areas, establishing local authorities was found to have a greater impact on the supply of suitable health services.

1 heeoe.hee.nhs/public_health

The first strategy ‘identifying the needs of the population’ is important in helping reduce health inequalities and gauging how well the distribution of health and care services is in a certain demographic. 2 For example, this year in Harrow there was a survey done for young people aged 9- regarding inquiries about their health and wellbeing.

From the survey one of the main topics spoken about is ‘Feeling Safe'. It was found that ‘4 in 10 young people feel unsafe in certain areas in harrow for example the train stations and less populated areas such as alleyways and parks. It was also reported that 13% of young people felt that they had been victim to sexual harassment 3. Sexual abuse prevention practices are important because it impacts everyone and takes a formidable team of individuals from a variety of different occupational backgrounds and communities to successfully put an end to it 4. As more people are sharing their stories it shows how much of an issue this topic is and how it can happen to anyone, anywhere so it is imperative that it be dealt with. This can be backed up by a news report done in March by the

Harrow Times which mentions how ‘‘Shameful that majority of sexual harassment cases not

reported” 5 and that it needs to be addressed and dealt with urgently to find a solution to the problem.

Since they have identified the issue, public health officials would have to produce a way to meet the need which in this case is helping young people feel safe coming to and from school and or college. There would need to be some form of education for people to learn about tackling rape culture, what counts as sexual harassment, signposting if you or someone you know has fallen victim to this, and letting young people know the services that are available to them. This Strategy can help the

2 healthscotland/reducing-health-inequalities/understanding-needs#:~:text=A%20needs %20assessment%20is%20an,will%20bring%20the%20greatest%20benefit.&text=A%20useful%20definition %20of%20need,capacity%20to%20benefit%20from%20services'.

3 youngharrowfoundation/images/downloads/ypfWebsite/hay_harrow_digital_brochure.pdf 4 atsa/sexual-abuse-public-health-issue

5 harrowtimes.co/watfordnews/19194209.shameful-majority-sexual-harassment-cases-not- reported/

The policy that was influenced by the rise in childhood obesity is the ‘ Advancing our Health:

Prevention in the 2020s 11 ‘this was influenced by the pattern of childhood obesity and the.

strain it put on the NHS. It is estimated that childhood obesity cost the NHS £4 billion a year 12 and that number would rise to £10 billion by 2050 so it is not only worrying because of the strain it puts on healthcare access and the economy but also because of the risk young people are now under, obesity makes them more prone to cardiovascular diseases and contributes to higher mortality rates. So, the policy/ program introduced was able to produce goals and preventative measures to be put in place to make sure that it gets managed and under control.

The Third strategy is ‘promoting the health of the population and minimizing harm’ which helps develop public health as its aim is to reduce ill health across the population and damage to environment. The DEFRA (The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) which is also a government department is responsible for creating and implementing policies regarding the environment, food safety and rural (countryside) issues, and are responsible for sustaining and protecting biodiversity, the marine environment, British farming, and food production, minimizing harm to population due to environmental issues and maintaining a green economy.

Pollution reduction is one of the main problems that is trying to be reduced. Pollution happens when there are harmful substances, chemicals and gases in the environment which are called pollutants 13. Pollution can enter our atmosphere in many ways such as emission from factories, Aerosole cans and cars, cigarette smoke, the burning of fossil fuels and overusing chemicals and pesticides. Due to

these being man-made pollutants they are called ‘anthropogenic sources’ 14. Other pollutants can

Come from smoke from wildfires and volcanoes, and these are referred to as natural sources., pollution puts people at risk as it can cause health problems in both the short and long term., some of the more minor conditions it could cause is bronchitis acute lower respiratory.

11 lordslibrary.parliament/tackling-childhood-obesity-what-is-the-strategy/

12 rsph.org/our-work/policy/obesity/childhood-obesity.html

13 nationalgeographic/encyclopedia/pollution/

14 nationalgeographic/encyclopedia/air-pollution/#:~:text=Long%2Dterm%20health %20effects%20from,air%20pollutants%20cause%20birth%20defects.

conditions in children and pneumonia as well as irritation in nose ears', dizziness, and

Nausea. some long-term conditions of pollution are heart disease, lung disease and other, respiratory diseases., the uk’s air quality framework and legislation are both mixtures of home and abroad laws, which aim to reduce and regulate emission and concentration of pollutants in air. 15 the, government proposed the clean air strategy 16 which aims to reduce pollutants in the air and, help improve public health by minimizing the development of disease caused by pollution., the policy used pollution ....... national air quality law and policy 17..

Pollution is a global killer and cost the UK £20 billion a year. It was imperative that the gov found ways to better improve and protect both public health and the environment, this prompted the introduction of the environment bill of May 2019 and the environmental principles of June 2021. The environment bill was asking the government for making clean air a political priority, to address

dangerous and key pollutants and ensure public education on pollution. 18 The environmental

Principles were proposed to be a major part of taxing and government resourcing to tackle, pollution and.

Air pollution has a substantial impact on public health, and in the United Kingdom, poor air quality is the most serious environmental danger to public health. Long-term exposure to air pollution (during years or lifetimes) has been demonstrated to lower life expectancy, primarily owing to cardiovascular and respiratory disorders, as well as lung cancer. Short-term exposure to high levels of air pollution (over hours or days) can have a variety of health consequences, including changes in lung function, asthma exacerbation, and an increase in respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions and mortality.

An important part of public health is to monitor the health of the public so that the right measures can be put in place to better respond to the public. Monitoring the overall public health is vital in ensuring the nation's health is at a satisfactory/good standard.’ By monitoring outbreaks of diseases, and the increase of the incidence and illnesses dangerous to health, local, regional and governmental departments to be able to put in required resources.’ 19

Also with Government provided public health ,one can't expect perfect doctor-patient confidentiality because certain information about your case will be shared with other doctors. Indeed, with a public

15 uk-air.defra.gov/library/annualreport/viewonline?year=2020_issue_1#report_pdf Chapter 2 16 assets.publishing.service.gov/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/69336/pb 12654-air-quality-strategy-vol1-070712 17 environmental-protection.org/policy-areas/air-quality/air-pollution-law-and-policy/air- pollution-laws/#:~:text=Under%20the%20Environmental%20Protection%20Act,to%20health%20or%20a %20nuisance.

18 environmental-protection.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/epuk-12-air-

Quality-asks-for-environment-bill_final”.

19 file:///C:/Users/Wemnl01/Downloads/BTEC_Nationals_Health_and_Social_Care_Student_Book..._---- _(Chapter_8_Promoting_Public_health).pdf

Studies are made when the government makes a report on a specific issue based on a pattern in health, these reports are called epidemiology reports which mention said disease and the spread of it. The information can be collected and shown on a regional basis to identify outbreaks so local authorities can put a plan into action. Public health observatories are part of a network across Scotland, England, Wales, and Northern Ireland that produce information data and intelligence on people's health and the health care for practitioners, policy makers and the wider community. These observatories show a trend in health status and disease to show health inequalities locally and regionally.

The Black Report published in 1980 by the department of Health and Social security was based on health provision inequalities in England at the time. The report was fixated on ill health and death rates. It reflected how in poorer areas the death rate was higher and in wealthy areas lower, even though the NHS was active it still did not contribute to lowering the rate of death and illness. It also showed how in certain areas of London the life expectancy had a difference from up to 10 years and that professionals had a higher life expectancy in comparison to lower class unskilled workers due to professionals having access to the knowledge of healthier diet and healthier lifestyle choices they could make. The black report referenced government policies that should be put in place to combat the widening gap in health but were not implemented at the time. However, on a positive note the report led to an assessment carried out by the WHO and OECD (Office for Economic Cooperation and Development) (Office for economic cooperation and development) which eventually led to the development of public health policy 22

The Acheson report of 1998 was composed by Sir Donald Acheson a physician and epidemiologist to review inequalities in health and identify areas for development with policies. It still showed inequalities in health care and called for more funding in nutritional education in schools in deprived areas so they can be taught how to budget and make healthy meals. The report also included policy ideas to bridge the disparity gap which influenced the governments green paper ‘Our healthier Nation: a contract for health’. 23

The other method used to monitor information is statistics from the HSE (Health and Safety Executive). This is a government agency that works directly with the government to report illnesses, injuries and disease related to work 24. Statistics use numerical data to represent the number of people affected. On a global scale the WHO would gather data from each individual country to find out about inequalities in health.

22 file:///C:/Users/Wemnl01/Downloads/BTEC_Nationals_Health_and_Social_Care_Student_Book..._---- (Chapter_8_Promoting_Public_health).pdf 23 file:///C:/Users/Wemnl01/Downloads/BTEC_Nationals_Health_and_Social_Care_Student_Book... ---- _(Chapter_8_Promoting_Public_health).pdf

24 file:///C:/Users/Wemnl10/Downloads/BTEC_Nationals_Health_and_Social_Care_Student_Book..._---- _(Chapter_8_Promoting_Public_health).pdf

RIDDOR (Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations) are responsible of the reporting of any injury illness or disease that happened in a work environment which helps in finding out about healthcare needs in a professional setting. RIDDOR uses a ‘responsible person’ such as employers, self-employed people and people who are in control of work areas to stick to their assigned duties and report any incidents. The data collected can be also used to find out what safe practices and measures need to be implemented.

What must be reported: 25

:･･✧ :･･ ✧Death and injury caused by workplace accidents

:･･✧ :･･ ✧Carcinogens, mutagens, and biological agents

:･･✧ :･･ ✧Gas incidents

:･･✧ :･･✧Occupational diseases

THE LABOUR FORCE SURVEY:

The LFS survey is the country's largest household survey and the official indicator of employment and unemployment. The survey is essential because it will aid in the production of statistics on issues that affect the public, including work, unemployment, training, retirement, and family and assisted living. 26 A variety of government departments evaluate LFS results to look at the impact of existing policies, to inform future policy changes, and to find the most effective use of public resources.

The demographic I have chosen to further examine is Brent. According to the Brent Health and Care plan I had found 27 there was an assessment conducted by Brent Council and the Clinical Commissioning group where they have gauged the crucial issues in the community and found the most prevalent to be pressures related to housing or employment and the negative effect it takes on mental health and the lower life expectancy for people with long term and serious mental health illnesses. In Brent, the poverty rates are much higher in comparison to the general poverty rate of London 28 , Brent’s poverty rate is at 33% and one of the main causes for this is income inequality, increase I. Repossessions and evictions and that more people of working age must claim out of work benefits. All of these contribute to the rise of mental health conditions. The lack of employment opportunities and job uncertainty will and can negatively affect self-image, self-esteem and increase the feeling of distress, due to loss of one's day to day structure and the stigma associated with being out of work and in worse case scenarios a home. For some people work can be used as means to define self-value and without it can make people start to feel like a failure especially when. They cannot provide for their families which would make it even harder for them to get back up on their feet once again. In Brent, the percentage of people with depression learning disabilities BRAP health issues or nervous disorders in employment is 23%.

Unfortunately, poor mental health can have a poor mental health can have a fatal impact on life expectancy as it increases the risk of several factors such as chronic health conditions, poor self-care,

25 hse.gov/riddor/index.htm 26 ons.gov/surveys/informationforhouseholdsandindividuals/householdandindividualsurveys/lab ourforcesurvey

27 brent.gov/media/16407059/brent-health-and-care-plan.pdf

28 trustforlondon.org/data/boroughs/brent-poverty-and-inequality-indicators/

Environmental factors also play a huge toll in health and well-being due to increase in poor housing and homelessness it could lead to many illnesses and or respiratory problems which will often contribute to poor mental health as people can become anxious paranoid and even distressed thinking about their poor quality of life especially because their children are also experiencing it too as there are no safe places for children to play and due to excess amount of littering there are hardly any green areas for children to play in. As an unhoused person you lack access to the NHS and certain other services even though there are homeless healthcare teams it does not guarantee a place for shelter and food or temporary accommodation. Air pollution is also a huge environmental factor as people living in main cities are more prone to have long health concerns as it is very congested and vehicle fumes congest the air. Children growing up in poor housing have a 25% increased risk of severe health diseases and impairment during childhood and early adulthood, unhoused children are 4 times more likely than other children to suffer mental medical issues and offending behavioral problems that on the rise among children growing up in poor housing, highlighting evidence that half of young offenders have experienced homelessness 30

P3 M3 met you have explained factors that affect current patterns of health

How can we minimalize these factors to help improve the health of the general population?

Obesity and unhealthy eating: 31

☀ Reducing 20% of sugar in food items: studies show that the gradual reduction of unhealthier

ingredients in product are more efficient in maintaining a healthier diet. By lowering the number of triglycerides in your bloodstream and the fat deposition in your blood that can cause serious heart conditions, lowering your sugar intake by just 20% can improve your heart health. 32

☀ Providing a range of healthier option in the income housing and education sector and the ability

to access space, advertising and the availability of unhealthy foods contribute to socioeconomic factors, that has an impact on our ability to be active and eat healthily, as well as our risk at becoming obese. This is necessary in increasing health disparities between those who are wealthy and those who are poor. In England eating healthier food comes in second to eating for one in five living in poverty so it is important that healthier options are publicised and accessible to working

class citizens.

30 england.shelter.org/professional_resources/policy_and_research/policy_library/chance_of_a_lifeti me_-_the_impact_of_bad_housing_on_childrens_lives#:~:text=%2D%20children%20growing%20up%20in %20bad,linked%20to%20behavioural%20problems%20that

31 gov/government/publications/childhood-obesity-a-plan-for-action/childhood-obesity-a- plan-for-action 32 idealyou/benefits-of-reducing-sugar-intake/#:~:text=Boost%20Heart %20Health&text=Decreasing%20your%20sugar%20intake%20by,can%20cause%20serious%20heart %20conditions.

Poor housing and Homelessness

Housing is one of the traditional public health concerns, though people don’t widely consider it as one. Housing, on the other hand, is critical for a variety of facets of healthy living and well-being. The home is significant for both psychosocial reasons and as a shelter from the weather, but it may also be a source of a variety of dangers (physical, chemical, biological). It's where the majority of people spend the majority of their time. The UK Housing Health and Safety Rating System (HHSRS), which has health-based assessment for housing-related dangers, has developed in recent years.

According to a recent survey taken by the housing organization in the UK; Shelter, poor housing is seriously affecting of one in every five renters in England, with mold, dampness, and cold becoming the major causes of disease. Taken from a poll of over 3,000 private renters, approximately 1 million households could be suffering physical and mental health problems because of poor housing conditions, as well as uncertainty created by struggles to pay the rent and frequent eviction 33

P4 D1 met you have included relevant information about how minimising factors will

Help public health meet its aim in reducing factors to improve health, reference list.

<heeoe.hee.nhs/public_health> [Accessed 25 April 2022].

<healthscotland/reducing-health-inequalities/understanding- needs#:~:text=A%20needs%20assessment%20is%20an,will%20bring%20the%20greatest %20benefit.&text=A%20useful%20definition%20of%20need,capacity%20to%20benefit %20from%20services'.> [Accessed 25 April 2022].

<youngharrowfoundation/images/downloads/ypfWebsite/hay_harrow_digital_broch ure> [Accessed 25 April 2022].

<atsa/sexual-abuse-public-health-issue> [Accessed 25 April 2022].

<harrowtimes.co/watfordnews/19194209.shameful-majority-sexual- harassment-cases-not-reported/> [Accessed 25 April 2022].

<gov/government/organisations/public-health-england/about> [Accessed 25 April 2022].

<legislation.gov/ukpga/2010/15/section/26> [Accessed 25 April 2022].

<citizensadvice.org/law-and-courts/discrimination/what-are-the-different- types-of-discrimination/harassment/ “> [Accessed 25 April 2022].

<digital.nhs/data-and-information/publications/statistical/national-child- measurement-programme/2019-20-school-year> [Accessed 25 April 2022].

33 theguardian/society/2021/oct/13/poor-housing-harms-health-of-20-of-renters-in- england-says-shelter

theguardian/society/2021/oct/13/poor-housing-harms-health-of-20-of-renters-in-england- says-shelter

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