parts of leaf essay

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Introduction

Leaf function

Leaf morphology, leaf modifications.

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The Planets - Pluto Facts
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leaf - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
Table Of Contents

leaf , in botany , any usually flattened green outgrowth from the stem of a vascular plant . As the primary sites of photosynthesis , leaves manufacture food for plants, which in turn ultimately nourish and sustain all land animals. Botanically, leaves are an integral part of the stem system. They are attached by a continuous vascular system to the rest of the plant so that free exchange of nutrients, water, and end products of photosynthesis (oxygen and carbohydrates in particular) can be carried to its various parts. Leaves are initiated in the apical bud (growing tip of a stem) along with the tissues of the stem itself. Certain organs that are superficially very different from the usual green leaf are formed in the same manner and are actually modified leaves; among these are the sharp spines of cacti , the needles of pines and other conifers , and the scales of an asparagus stalk or a lily bulb .

The main function of a leaf is to produce food for the plant by photosynthesis . Chlorophyll , the substance that gives plants their characteristic green colour, absorbs light energy . The internal structure of the leaf is protected by the leaf epidermis , which is continuous with the stem epidermis. The central leaf, or mesophyll , consists of soft-walled, unspecialized cells of the type known as parenchyma . As much as one-fifth of the mesophyll is composed of chlorophyll-containing chloroplasts , which absorb sunlight and, in conjunction with certain enzymes , use the radiant energy in decomposing water into its elements, hydrogen and oxygen . The oxygen liberated from green leaves replaces the oxygen removed from the atmosphere by plant and animal respiration and by combustion. The hydrogen obtained from water is combined with carbon dioxide in the enzymatic processes of photosynthesis to form the sugars that are the basis of both plant and animal life. Oxygen is passed into the atmosphere through stomata —pores in the leaf surface.

Typically, a leaf consists of a broad expanded blade (the lamina ), attached to the plant stem by a stalklike petiole . In angiosperms leaves commonly have a pair of structures known as stipules, which are located on each side of the leaf base and may resemble scales, spines, glands, or leaflike structures. Leaves are, however, quite diverse in size, shape, and various other characteristics, including the nature of the blade margin and the type of venation (arrangement of veins ). When only a single blade is inserted directly on the petiole, the leaf is called simple. The margins of simple leaves may be entire and smooth or they may be lobed in various ways. The coarse teeth of dentate margins project at right angles, while those of serrate margins point toward the leaf apex. Crenulate margins have rounded teeth or scalloped margins. Leaf margins of simple leaves may be lobed in one of two patterns, pinnate or palmate. In pinnately lobed margins the leaf blade (lamina) is indented equally deep along each side of the midrib (as in the white oak, Quercus alba ), and in palmately lobed margins the lamina is indented along several major veins (as in the red maple , Acer rubrum ). A great variety of base and apex shapes also are found. The leaf may also be reduced to a spine or scale.

Veins, which support the lamina and transport materials to and from the leaf tissues, radiate through the lamina from the petiole. The types of venation are characteristic of different kinds of plants: for example, dicotyledons such as poplars and lettuce have netlike venation and usually free vein endings; monocotyledons like lilies and bamboo have parallel venation and rarely free vein endings.

Whole leaves or parts of leaves are often modified for special functions, such as for climbing and substrate attachment, storage, protection against predation or climatic conditions, or trapping and digesting insect prey. In temperate trees leaves are simply protective bud scales; in the spring when shoot growth is resumed, they often exhibit a complete growth series from bud scales to fully developed leaves.

Spines are also modified leaves. In cacti , spines are wholly transformed leaves that protect the plant from herbivores, radiate heat from the stem during the day, and collect and drip condensed water vapour during the cooler night. In the many species of the spurge family ( Euphorbiaceae ), the stipules are modified into paired stipular spines and the blade develops fully. In ocotillo ( Fouquieria splendens ), the blade falls off and the petiole remains as a spine.

Many desert plants, such as Lithops and aloe , develop succulent leaves for water storage. The most common form of storage leaves are the succulent leaf bases of underground bulbs (e.g., tulip and Crocus ) that serve as either water- or food-storage organs or both. Many nonparasitic plants that grow on the surfaces of other plants ( epiphytes ), such as some of the bromeliads, absorb water through specialized hairs on the surfaces of their leaves. In the water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ), swollen petioles keep the plant afloat.

Leaves or leaf parts may be modified to provide support. Tendrils and hooks are the most common of these modifications. In the flame lily ( Gloriosa superba ), the leaf tip of the blade elongates into a tendril and twines around other plants for support. In the garden pea ( Pisum sativum ), the terminal leaflet of the compound leaf develops as a tendril. In nasturtium ( Tropaeolum majus ) and Clematis , the petioles coil around other plants for support. In catbrier ( Smilax ), the stipules function as tendrils. Many monocotyledons have sheathing leaf bases that are concentrically arranged and form a pseudotrunk, as in banana ( Musa ). In many epiphytic bromeliads, the pseudotrunk also functions as a water reservoir .

Carnivorous plants use their highly modified leaves to attract and trap insects. Glands in the leaves secrete enzymes that digest the captured insects, and the leaves then absorb the nitrogenous compounds (amino acids) and other products of digestion. Plants that use insects as a nitrogen source tend to grow in nitrogen-deficient soils .

Leaves are essentially short-lived structures. Even when they persist for two or three years, as in coniferous and broad-leaved evergreens, they make little contribution to the plant after the first year. The fall of leaves, whether in the first autumn in most deciduous trees or after several years in evergreens, results from the formation of a weak zone, the abscission layer , at the base of the petiole. Abscission layers may also form when leaves are seriously damaged by insects, disease, or drought. As a result, a zone of cells across the petiole becomes softened until the leaf falls. A healing layer then forms on the stem and closes the wound, leaving the leaf scar, a prominent feature in many winter twigs and an aid in identification.

Why do some trees lose their leaves in autumn?

In perennial plants, leaf fall is usually associated with approaching winter dormancy. In many trees leaf senescence is brought about by declining day length and falling temperature toward the end of the growing season . Chlorophyll production in deciduous plants slows as the days get shorter and cooler, and eventually the pigment is broken down completely. Yellow and orange pigments called carotenoids become more conspicuous , and, in some species, anthocyanin pigments accumulate. Tannins give oak leaves and certain other plants their dull brown colour. These changes in leaf pigments are responsible for the autumn colours of leaves. There are some indications that day length may control leaf senescence in deciduous trees through its effect on hormone metabolism; both gibberellins and auxins have been shown to retard leaf fall and to preserve the greenness of leaves under the short-day conditions of autumn.

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Parts of a Leaf With Their Structure and Functions

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A leaf is a plant organ that is flat, thin and usually green in color. It is mostly found above the ground and remains attached to the stem .

The presence of pigment ‘chlorophyll’ makes the leaf green in color that helps to prepare food in plants through photosynthesis . Collectively, green leaves are called foliage.

What are the Different Parts of a Leaf

A typical leaf shows three main parts: 1) petiole , 2) leaf base , and 3) leaf blade or lamina , each performing specific functions.

It is the stalk that connects a leaf to the stem of the plant, it is made of complex conducting tissues called vascular tissues.

Providing support to the leaf and keeps it erect
Transporting water and nutrients absorbed by the roots to the leaves
Transporting photosynthetic products from the leaves to the rest of the plant

2. Leaf Base

It is the lowermost part of a leaf, which is closest to the petiole.

Helping in the attachment of the leaf to the stem
It protects the young axillary bud

3. Leaf-blade or Lamina

It is the thin, flat part of the leaf that is typically green in color. It is further divided into three parts: i) leaf apex – the tip of the leaf blade, ii) leaf margin – the edge of the leaf and, iii) leaf veins – the small channels or capillaries, which are further subdivided into venules.

Helping plants to prepare their food using raw materials like water, carbon dioxide, and minerals through photosynthesis
Performing evaporation from the aerial parts of a plant by a process known as transpiration
Veins and venues help in transporting water and nutrients throughout the leaf

Q.1. What are the external parts of a plant leaf?

Ans. Petiole, leaf base, lamina, leaf apex, and leaf margin are the external parts of a leaf.

Q.2. What are the internal parts of a leaf?

Ans. Stomata , guard cells , epidermal cells, mesophyll cells , and vascular bundles ( xylem , phloem, veins) are the internal parts of a leaf.

Q.3. What part of a leaf helps in gas exchange?

Ans . The gas exchange which involves the absorption of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen occurs through tiny pores present in the leaves called stomata.

Q4. What is a sessile leaf?

Ans. Leaves that are attached directly to the stem without the petioles are called sessile leaves. Saffron and Achyranthus plants have sessile leaves.

Plant Leaves and Leaf Anatomy – Thoughtco.com
Leaves – Courses.lumenlearning.com
Different Parts of Leaf – Qsstudy.com
Parts of a Leaf : 1. Leaf base 2. Petiole 3. Lamina – Brainkart.com

Article was last reviewed on Thursday, February 2, 2023

9 responses to “Parts of a Leaf With Their Structure and Functions”

It’s very good. My name is Anantika Samal. I am studying in class 6. I am 12 years old.

i like this website but it needs to be simpler because i’m ten years old and this is too complicated.No offence.

I have a strange looking plant with flowers that look like wheat and have perpendicular leaves growing from the axil at the beginning of the petiole of the leaves. I crushed a leave and tasted and noticed that it was powerful as if it contained strong chemicals probably antioxidants. I searched on the web but was not successful, The plant is approximately five feet in height.

If you could provide me with an email address so that I can send you photos for identification would be great.

How does plants make oyxgen and carbon dioxide

Plants take in oxygen that we breathe out and release carbon dioxide by way of photosynthesis

Firstly I would like to thank you for affording me the opportunity to applied and than thank you for sharing idea with me on the basis of the leafy.

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Biology Article
Leaves Morphology Types Modification

Leaves: Morphology, Types & Modification

Plants are an essential part of the ecosystem. Every life on the earth is directly or indirectly dependent on plants. Among the different parts of a plant, the leaf is the most essential.

Primarily, leaves have two functions: photosynthesis and transpiration. In some plants, it takes up the responsibility of reproduction also.

Table of Contents

Modification

Let’s learn more about the morphology of leaves, parts of a leaf, different types of leaves and their modifications.

Structure of a Leaf

Leaves are thin, flat organs responsible for photosynthesis in the plants. It develops laterally at the node. It is an important part of the shoot system and it originates from shoot apical meristems.

The structure of a leaf is described below in detail :

Parts of a Leaf

Generally, leaf base, petiole, and lamina, together form the main parts of a leaf.

Leaf Base: This is the part where a leaf attaches to the stem. Leaf base has two small leaf-like structure called stipules. In plants like paddy, wheat, and other monocotyledons, this leaf base is wide and masks the stem.
Petiole: Petiole is the long, thin, stalk that links the leaf blade to the stem.
Lamina: Also known as leaf blade. It is the green, flat surface of the leaves. It consists of a small branched vein and veinlets. The vein that runs along the middle of the lamina is called midrib. Midrib divides the surface of the lamina into two. These veins and veinlets give rigidity to the leaf blade and help in the transportation of water and other substances.

A leaf diagram representing the parts of a leaf

Types of Leaves

There are two broad categories of leaves – simple and compound, which are further classified into different groups based on their shape, size, their arrangements on the stem, leaves of flowering and non-flowering plants, and various other physical attributes.

The two different types of leaves found in a plant are:

Simple Leaf

When a single lamina is connected to the main stem by a petiole, the leaf is said to be simple. A simple leaf may be incised to any depth but not down to the midrib or petiole. Eg., Guava leaves

Compound Leaf

A compound leaf is a leaf made up of two or more leaflets. In a compound leaf, the midrib of the leaf is branched into different leaflets and is connected by a single petiole. For eg., Pea, palm leaves.

The compound leaves are further sub-divided into the following types of leaves:

Palmately Compound Leaf

In a palmately compound leaf, the leaflets are attached at the tip of the petiole. Eg., Silk cotton. These can be differentiated into:

Unifoliate: These type of leaves have only one leaflet. Eg., Citrus
Bifoliate: These leaves have two leaflets. Eg., Balanites
Trifoliate: These leaves have three leaflets emerging from the same point. Eg., Oxalis
Quadrifoliate: These leaves have four leaflets arising from the same point. Eg., Marsilea
Multifoliate: This type of leaf has many leaflets arising at a common pint. Eg., Bombax

Pinnately Compound Leaf

In a pinnately compound leaf, the midrib of the leaf is divided into numerous leaflets and all connected by a common axis. Eg., Neem. These can be further differentiated into:

Pinnate: A compound leaf that has an axis on each side of the midrib is known as a pinnate leaf.
Unipinnate: The leaf with leaflets on each side of the axis. Eg., cassia
Bipinnate: Here, a secondary axis bearing the leaflet is produced by the central axis. Eg., Acacia
Tripinnate: Here, a tertiary axis bearing leaflets emerges from the secondary axis. Eg., Moringa
Decompound: Leaf with more than three pinnate. Eg., old leaves of coriander
Parapinnate: A leaf without a terminal leaflet. Eg., Cassia
Imparipinnate: Leaf with an odd terminal leaflet. Eg., Pea

Palmately compound leaf & Pinnately compound leaf

The patterns of arrangement of leaves on the stem are called Phyllotaxy. Plants show three types of phyllotaxy- alternate, opposite and whorled types of phyllotaxy.

When only a single leaf develops at each node alternatively, it is an alternate type of phyllotaxy.E.g. China rose.
When a pair of leaves develops at each node opposite to each other, it is called opposite phyllotaxy.E.g. Guava plants.
When more than two leaves develop at the nodes to form a whorl of leaves, it is called whorled phyllotaxy. E.g. Alstonia.

Modification Of Leaves

We know leaves are specialised to perform photosynthesis. In addition, they also have other significant roles to play, such as support, storage of food, defence, etc. For each of these functions, they have been modified into different forms.

For example, tendrils of peas, spines of cacti, onion bulb, leaves of insectivorous plants , etc. are different modified leaves. Let us have a detailed look at some of the modification of leaves:

Storage Leaves

The xerophytic plants and plants belonging to the Crassulaceae family have thick and succulent leaves that store water in their tissues. The parenchymatous cells of these leaves have large vacuoles filled with hydrophilic colloid. This modification helps the plant to resist desiccation.

Leaf Tendrils

Leaf tendrils exist in plants with weak stems. The leaves get modified into thread-like structures called tendrils. These tendrils climb a nearby stick or wall and provide support to the plant. For eg., In Lathyrus aphaca, the whole leaf is modified into tendrils. The upper leaflets of Pisum sativum get modified into tendrils.

Leaf Spines

A few plants have their leaves modified into needle-like structures known as spines. The spines act as defensive structures. They also reduce water loss due to transpiration. For eg., in Opuntia, the leaves are modified into spines.

Scale Leaves

These are thin, membranous structures, without stalks, brownish or colourless in appearance. They protect the auxiliary bud present in their axil. Scale leaves in onion are fleshy and thick and store food and water. Casuarina and Asparagus also contain sale leaves

Leaflet Hooks

In some plants, the terminal leaflets of leaf get modified into hook-like structures that help them in climbing. Eg., Bignonia unguiscati.

In a few plants, one of the leaves present at the nodes gets modified into adventitious roots which helps them to float over the water surface. Eg., Salvinia

In some plants, the petiole becomes flattened, taking the shape of a leaf and turns green in colour. This is known as phyllode. For eg., Australian Acacia.

Insectivorous Leaves

Few plants require nitrogen for their development. In such plants, the leaves are modified to catch and digest insects. Few of the modifications are mentioned below:

Leaf Pitcher- In a few plants like Nepenthes, the leaf-lamina is modified into a pitcher-like structure. The insect is digested into the inner walls of the pitcher which secretes a digestive fluid into the pitcher cavity.
Leaf Bladder- In such plants, the segments of the leaves are modified into bladders. These plants are found in water. The inner wall is provided with digestive glands which helps in digesting the trapped insect. For eg., Utricularia
In Drosera – The lamina possesses numerous hair with a sticky globule at its tip containing digestive enzymes. The moment an insect sits on the lamina, the hair covers the insect completely.

Functions of Leaves

The leaves perform the following functions:

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the primary function of leaves. They convert carbon dioxide, water, and UV light into glucose through the process of photosynthesis.

Also Refer: Photosynthesis

Transpiration

Transpiration is the removal of excess water from the plants into the atmosphere. This occurs by the opening of stomata present in the leaves.

Removal of excess water from the xylem at the edges of the leaves when the stomata are closed is known as guttation.

Leaves are a site of photosynthesis. Therefore, they store water and nutrients. The succulent and thick leaves particularly adapt to water storage.

Some leaves are modified into spines to protect them from being damaged or eaten by animals. For eg., Opuntia.

Leaves are found at the nodes of the stem and contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll.
There are three main parts of a leaf – Leaf base, leaf lamina, and petiole.
There are two different types of leaves – simples leaves and compound leaves. The other types of leaves include acicular, linear, lanceolate, orbicular, elliptical, oblique, centric cordate, etc.
They perform the function of photosynthesis and help in the removal of excess water from the aerial parts of the plant.
They are modified in the form of spines, tendrils, hooks and scales and help them to adapt to various environments.

Frequently Asked Questions

What do you mean by the morphology of leaves.

Morphology is the study of science that deals with the form and structure of an organism. Morphology of leaves deals with the study of the structural features and parts of a leaf.

What are the different types of leaves?

There are two different types of leaves – simple and compound leaves. Simple leaves are lobed or divided but do not form distinct leaflets. Whereas, in a compound leaf the leaves are divided into distinct leaflets and each leaflet has a small petiole.

What is the most important function of the leaves?

Photosynthesis is the major function performed by leaves. They convert carbon dioxide, water and sunlight into glucose and energy.

How are the veins of the leaves important?

The veins of the leaves are provided with vascular tissues called xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water from the roots to the leaves whereas phloem transports food through the leaf to rest of the plant.

Why are leaves a major part of the plant?

Leaves are the main source of photosynthesis, the process by which the plants feed themselves. They also help to transport water and food to different parts of the plant. Thus they play a major role in the survival of a plant. Besides, they also help in the exchange of gases by the opening and closing of stomata and removes excess water from the plant by the process of transpiration.

What are the different shapes of the leaves?

There are various types of leaves, each with its own shapes. These shapes range from oval, elliptical and linear, to truncate and lanceolate.

What is wilting?

Wilting is the drying out, withering and drooping of leaves of a plant due to insufficient water supply, excessive transpiration or some vascular disease.

What is the different modification of leaves?

Leaves can be modified in the form of spines that reduce water loss and also act as a defence. Some are modified into tendrils to provide support to the plant. Some leaves are thick that help in water storage. Some are modified to catch and digest insects.

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Essay on Leaf

Students are often asked to write an essay on Leaf in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Leaf

What is a leaf.

A leaf is a part of a plant that is usually green. It grows on branches of trees and stems of smaller plants. Leaves make food for the plant by using sunlight, which is a process called photosynthesis.

Shapes and Sizes

The role of leaves.

Leaves are important for plants to live. They breathe in carbon dioxide and breathe out oxygen, which is good for the air and helps people and animals to live.

250 Words Essay on Leaf

A leaf is a green part of a plant that grows from the stem or branches. It is very important for the plant because it helps make food through a process called photosynthesis. During this process, leaves use sunlight, water, and air to create energy for the plant to grow.

The Shape and Size of Leaves

Besides making food, leaves have other jobs too. They can hold water for the plant or even protect it from animals that might want to eat it. The color of leaves changes with the seasons, which is why we see beautiful colors in the fall.

Leaves and the Environment

Leaves are also good for the air around us. They take in a gas we cannot breathe called carbon dioxide and give out oxygen, which is the air we need to live. This is why plants and trees are so important for our planet.

In conclusion, a leaf is not just a simple green bit of a plant. It is a small factory that makes food, a protector, and even helps us breathe. Next time you see a leaf, think about all the amazing things it does for the plant and for us.

500 Words Essay on Leaf

Introduction to leaves.

Leaves are a vital part of most plants. They come in various shapes, sizes, and colors, and they have an important job. Their main role is to make food for the plant through a process called photosynthesis. This is where they use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create energy. Without leaves, most plants would not be able to survive.

How Leaves Look

Leaves can look very different from one another. Some are big, while others are tiny. They can be round, long, or even shaped like needles, as seen on pine trees. The outer edge of a leaf can be smooth or it can have teeth like a saw. The color of leaves is usually green, but they can also be red, yellow, or even purple. The green color comes from a substance called chlorophyll, which helps leaves capture sunlight.

The Parts of a Leaf

What leaves do.

The main job of leaves is to make food for the plant. They absorb light from the sun and use it to turn water and carbon dioxide into sugars and oxygen. This process is called photosynthesis. The sugars are the plant’s food, and the oxygen is released into the air, which is good for us to breathe.

Leaves also help plants breathe. They have tiny openings called stomata, which let air in and out. When it’s hot, leaves can lose too much water through the stomata. To stop this, they can close them up.

Leaves Throughout the Year

Leaves and animals.

Leaves are not just important for plants; they are also important for animals. Some animals eat leaves for food. Others use them to make homes or hide from predators. Leaves can also be a place for insects to lay their eggs.

Leaves are amazing parts of a plant. They come in many shapes and colors and have important jobs like making food and helping the plant breathe. They also help animals in many ways. Next time you see a leaf, think about all the things it does for the plant and the world around it.

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Happy studying!

Browse more Topics under Anatomy Of Flowering Plants

Plant Tissues
Tissue System
Inflorescence
Secondary Growth
Classification of Flowering Plants
Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants

Parts of a Leaf

Leaves have two main parts: The leaf blade and the Stalk or the petiole.

The leaf blade: It is also called the lamina. It’s generally broad and flat. It is in this layer that photosynthesis occurs. It contains a prominent midrib at the center of the leaf blade which is the main vein. From this midrib arise branches called veins. They are of different types depending upon the type of edges, the pattern of the veins and the number of blades per leaf.
The petiole: It is the stalk-like structure which connects the leaf blade to the stem. The petiole has tiny tubes, that connect the veins on the leaf blade to the stem . Few of these enable water transport to the leaf while the other carry food away from the leaf to other parts of the plant.

Some plants also contain another part called stipules . These are small flap-like structures that grow at the base of the petioles. They are protective in some plants when they protect the growing petiole while in others, they fall off once the petiole starts growing.

Do you know about SEED ?

Types of Leaves

Leaves can be classified based on many anatomic and morphologic features:

Based on Blade

Simple Leaf- the lamina or the leaf blade is undivided. Even if there are small divisions, they do not reach the midrib and divide the lamina.
Compound Leaf- The leaf blade is divided from the midrib into two or more parts. Sometimes these divided parts function as separate leaves.

Based on Shape of the Blade

Want to know about Plant Tissues ?

Based on the presence or absence of the petiole (stalk)

Petiolated- These leaves have a stalk or petiole which attaches them to the stem.
Sessile- These leaves do not have a petiole and are directly attached to the stem.

Based on the serration on the edge of the leaf blade

Smooth: This type of leaf margin is called ‘entire’ leaf margin and is smooth all around
Sinuate: Have smooth curves along the margins
Dentate: They have teethed margins
Serrate: Have saw-teeth shaped margins
Lobed: the leaf blade is divided but the division doesn’t reach the midrib

Based on the arrangement of veins

Parallel: The veins on the leaf blade run parallel to each other maintaining the same distance throughout.
Palmate: The veins originate at a point and diverge from the point similar to the palm of the hand
Pinnate: There is a midrib which is present in the middle of the leaf blade. From this midrib arise the lateral veins.

Based on their arrangement on the stem

Alternate: Each leaf arises from a separate node on the stem at different levels
Opposite: Each node gives rise to two leaves, one on each side placed oppositely.
Whorled: In this arrangement, several leaves are present at the same level around the stem giving it a whorled appearance.
Rosulate: The leaves arrange themselves in a ring-like pattern around the stem.

Structure of a leaf

(Source: Wikipedia)

Each leaf consists of the following layers.

Epidermis: It is the outermost layer and secretes a waxy substance called the cuticle. The cuticle helps retain water inside the leaf cells. The epidermis houses the guard cells which regulate the movement of water into and outside the cell. Guard cells do so by controlling the size of the pores also called stomata.
Mesophyll: This forms the middle layer of the leaf. It is differentiated into two layers depending on the type of cells found: palisade and spongy mesophyll layers. It is in this layer that the chloroplasts are found. Chloroplasts are cell organelles that contain chlorophyll which is required for photosynthesis. The vascular tissues of the leaf are contained in the irregularly arranged spongy mesophyll cells.
Vascular Tissue: The vascular tissue is actually found in the veins of the leaf. The vascular tissues are composed of xylem and phloem which are responsible for the transport of water and food.

Learn more to understand the concept of Tissue here in detail .

Functions of a Leaf

Photosynthesis: This is the most important function of a leaf. They contain chloroplasts which have the pigment chlorophyll that is responsible for helping in photosynthesis. The prepared food is transported to the other parts of the plant via phloem tissue.

Helps the plant breathe: The epidermis of the leaf contains guard cells that control and regulate the small pores on the undersurface of the leaves. These pores are called stomata. Stomata are responsible for regulating water in and out of the cell. It is also responsible for the exchange of gases across the epidermis.
Storage of food: In some plants, the leaves are modified to store food. These plants generally have succulent leaves as seen in xerophytic plants.

Solved Example for You

Q: Which structure of the leaves helps in gaseous exchange?

Spongy mesophyll

Sol: The correct option is (a) Stomata

Stomata are small pores that are found in the lower epidermal layer of the leaf blade. They are regulated by the guard cells. The stomata help in regulating water intake and output across the cells and help in exchange or gases across them too.

FAQ’s for You

Q1. The stalk of leaf is called A. Sessile B. Plumule C. Stipule D. Petiole

Answers: Petiole is the stalk of a leaf that attaches the blade to the stem. In petiolate leaves, the leaf stalk is long. It is the structure through which products of photosynthesis are moved from leaves to the entire plant. So, the correct answer is ‘Petiole’

Q2. Main function of leaf is _____. A. Transpiration B. Exchange of Gases C. Photosynthesis D. Cooling

Answer: The main function of leaf is photosynthesis. It produces food for the plant. It has a photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll which converts solar energy into chemical energy. The leaf is also involved in the transpiration process. The transpiration process helps in cooling of plant. The exchanges of gases takes place through stomata present on the leaves. Thus, the correct answer is ‘Photosynthesis.’

Q3. Petiole part of the leaf is also known as?

Answer: The foliage leaf consists of three parts, namely leaf base, petiole and lamina. The leaf base is also called as hypopodium. The petiole part of the leaf is also called as mesopodium. The lamina part of the leaf is called as epipodium. Thus, the correct answer is ‘Mesopodium.’

Q4. Explain the internal structure of the leaf?

Answer: Leaf part contains cuticle present in the upper layer which protects plants from drying out by reducing of water loss, upper epidermis consists of a single layer of cells covered by cuticle which contains pores that allow gas and water molecules to pass, Palisade mesophyll present just beneath the epidermis, Spongy mesophyll is the second type of mesophyll which composed of closely packed irregular shape cells surrounded by airspace, lower epidermis present below the spongy mesophyll, which contains vascular bundles and stomata. the pore-like openings in the underside of the leaf are called stomata. Each stoma contains two guard cells which control the opening and closing of the stomata.

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Anatomy of Flowering Plants

Stem: Functions, Structure, and Types

3 responses to “Anatomy of Dicotyledonous and Monocotyledonous Plants”

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Essay on the Parts of a Leaf | Parts | Angiosperms | Botany

A typical leaf consists of the following three parts (Fig. 2.55): 1. Hypopodium or Leaf-Base 2. Petiole or Mesopodium or Leaf Stalk 3. Leaf-Blade or Epipodium or Lamina.

Essay # 1. Hypopodium or Leaf-Base:

It is the lowermost part of a leaf by which it remains attached to the stem or branch.

In many cases, it is very difficult to demarcate the region of leaf base from the petiole. But in others, they can be demarcated properly.

They are of the following types (Fig. 2.56):

1. Pulvinus:

In some cases, the leaf base becomes, swollen and forms a sort of cushion called pulvinus. They are found in sensitive plant, Mimosa pudica of Fabaceae and mango, Mangifera indica (Fig. 2.56A) of Anacardiaceae.

2. Amplexicaul:

Occasionally, the base becomes flattened forming a complete sheath around the stem, called amplexicaul, e.g., Polygonum sp. of Polygonaceae, Aethusa cynapium (Fig. 2.56B):

3. Semi-amplexicaul:

When the leaf base becomes flattened and sheathed around the stem partially, it is called semi- amplexicaul as in palms. These are also called sheathing leaf bases.

They are common in monocotyledons, but also found in dicotyledonous families like Apiaceae, Araliaceae, and Ranunculaceae, etc. Sometimes the leaf bases become much extended and together form a stem-like structure i.e., false stem as found in banana, Musa balbisiana and plantain, Musa paradisiaca (Fig. 2.56C) of Musaceae.

4. Decurrent:

In some plants, leaf base and petiole both become flat, broad and winged. These ensheath the upper region of the node and are called decurrent leaf-bases, e.g., Symphytum officinale (Fig. 2.56D) of Boraginaceae, Laggera of Asteraceae.

Ligule and Auricle :

Ligule is the membranous outgrowth located at the junction of the petiole and lamina (Fig. 2.57). The ligules may be scaly, hairy etc. They are found in the members of the family Zingiberaceae and Poaceae (Cramineae). On the other hand, the auricle is the winged expansion of leaf base or hypopodium, which is continuous with the lamina (Fig. 2.57).

Thus the axis appears to be overlapped or clasped by such expanded leaf base. It is found in the members like Oryza sativa of Poaceae; Aegialitis rotundifolia of Plumbaginaceae, Lonicera caprifolium of Caprifoliaceae etc.

The stipules:

The lateral outgrowths from the leaf bases are called stipules. They usually occur in pairs. They are present in many dicotyledonous plants, but are rare in monocotyledonous plants.

Leaves with stipules are called stipulate (e.g., China rose, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis of Malvaceae etc.) and the leaves without stipule are called exstipulate (e.g., mango, Mangifera indica of Anacardiaceae; guava, Psidium guajava of Myrtaceae etc.).

Stipules are usually simple structures but they may be branched as in Ipomoea quamoclit of Convolvulaceae.

Depending on their longevity, they are of three kinds:

i. Caducous:

When the stipules fall off before the leaf unfolds, they are called caducous, e.g., banyan, Ficus benghalensis of Moraceae, Michelia champaca of Magnoliaceae etc.

ii. Deciduous:

When the stipules fall off soon after the unfolding of the leaf, they are called deciduous, e.g., Dillenia indica of Dilleniaceae etc.

iii. Persistent:

When the stipules remain throughout the life of leaf. They are called persistent, e.g., rose, Rosa centifolia of Rosaceae etc.

Forms of stipule :

The stipules are of ten (10) different types:

These are (Fig. 2.58):

1. Free-lateral,

3. Intrapetiolar,

4. Interpetiolar,

5. Ochreate

6. Foliaceous,

7. Tendrillar,

9. Convolute or bud scales, and

10. Winged. The last five types (6-10) are the modified forms of the stipule.

1. Free-lateral:

When two distinct tiny stipules are present on two sides of the leaf base, it is called free-lateral type, e.g., china-rose, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis of Malvaceae (Fig. 2.58A). They are also found in other families like Tiliaceae, Sterculiaceae, Fabaceae etc.

When the stipules are attached on both the sides of the petiole up to a certain height it is called adnate type, e.g., rose, Rosa centifolia of Rosaceae (Fig. 2.58B).

3. Intrapetiolar:

When the stipules occur on both the sides of opposite leaves, unite together by their inner margins and lie in the axil of leaves, it is called intrapetiolar type. It is also called axillary type, e.g., Paederia foetida and Gardenia jasminoides (Fig. 2.58C) of Rubiaceae etc.

4. Interpetiolar:

When the union takes place between stipules of opposite leaves by their outer margins, thereby the four stipules are transformed into two fused stipules, lies on the node between (inter) the petiole of the opposite leaves, it is called interpetiolar type, e.g., kadam, Anthocephalus indicus; rangan, Ixora coccinia (Fig. 2.58D) and some others of Rubiaceae; Strychnos nux-vomica of Loganiaceae etc.

5. Ochreate:

When the two stipules develop at the leaf base and fuse to form a tube-like structure enclosing a portion of the internode, it is called ochreate stipule.

It is the characteristic feature of the family Polygonaceae and found in Polygonum orientale, P. barbatum (Fig. 2.58E) Rumex vesicarius etc. except Corculum leptopus (Syn. Antigonon leptopus). It is also found in the members of the family Arecaceae like Calamus rotang (rattan palm), Korthalsia scaphigera (Malayasian scrambler) etc.

Sometimes the stipules become modified to carry on special functions as in the cases mentioned below:

6. Foliaceous:

When the stipules are modified into large, green and leaf-like structures which serve all the functions of a foliage leaf, it is called foliaceous type, e.g., wild pea, Lathyrus aphaca and pea, Pisum sativum (Fig. 2.59A) of Fabaceae.

7. Tendrillar:

When the stipule is modified into tendril it is called tendrillar type, e.g., sarsaparilla, Smilax macrophyila (Fig. 2.59B) of Liliaceae.

When the stipules are modified into spines it is called spiny type, e.g., jujube, Ziziphus mauritiana (Fig. 2.59C) of Rhamnaceae, Acacia arabica of Fabaceae. Such stipules serve as defensive organ.

9. Convolute or Bud scales:

When the stipules form membranous protective structures covering the buds and fall off during unfolding of leaves, they are called bud scales, e.g., peepal, Ficus religiosa and banyan, F. benghalensis and Artocarpus sp. (Fig. 2.59D) of Moraceae etc..

10. Winged:

When the stipules are modified into an expanded wing-like structure it is called winged type, e.g., Crotalaria alata of Fabaceae.

Function of stipule:

Stipule serves the following functions:

1. It prevents the axillary bud to fall-off,

2. It protects the next higher leaves as bud- scales,

3. Foliaceous stipule acts as photosynthetic organ,

4. Spiny stipule acts as defensive organ,

5. Tendrillar stipule acts as climbing organ,

6. Some stipules secrete mucilage and protect the buds.

When leafy outgrowth develops at the base of each leaflet of a compound leaf, it is called stipels, e.g., Vicia faba; Dolichos lablab (Fig. 2.60) and Desmodium gangeticum of Fabaceae.

Essay # 2. Petiole or Mesopodium or Leaf Stalk :

It is a more or less cylindrical and elongated structure; extending from leaf base to the base of the leaf blade.

It is the part of a leaf which connects leaf blade with the leaf base. The petioles are usually solid and cylindrical (e.g., peepal, Ficus religiosa of Moraceae), but they may be more or less flattened, grooved and soft (e.g., banana, Musa paradisiaca of Musaceae) or a hollow tube (e.g., papaw, Carica papaya).

The leaf without petiole is called sessile (glory lily, Gloriosa superba of Liliaceae; Mexican poppy, Argemone mexicana of Papaveraceae), while a leaf with a petiole is called petiolate (mango, Mangifera indica of Anacardiaceae).

The petioles get modified in different ways:

Modified Petioles:

1. Winged petiole:

In this type, the petiole becomes flattened and winged, which looks like lamina and carries out photosynthesis, e.g., Citrus sp. of Rutaceae (Fig. 2.61 A). In Nepenthes the petiole becomes partly winged and partly tendrillar.

2. Swollen or bulbous petiole:

In some aquatic plants, the petiole becomes swollen and spongy. This petiole is full of air and helps the plant to float, e.g., water chestnut, Trapa bispinosa of Onagraceae; water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes of Pontederiaceae (Fig. 2.61 B) etc.

3. Phyllode:

It is the petiole which becomes flattened in a vertical plane and takes up the appearance of a leaf blade. Petioles of such kind are called phyllode. In this case the lamina does not develop at all (Acacia moniliformis of Fabaceae, Fig. 2.61 C) or falls off at an early stage of development (A. recurva of Fabaceae). It decreases the rate of transpiration.

4. Tendrilar petiole:

In some plants, the petiole coils around the support and helps the plant in climbing, e.g., Aristolochia indica of Aristolochiaceae, Clematis gouriana of Ranunculaceae (Fig. 2.61 D) etc.

In some plants, the lamina falls off after maturation leaving behind the petiole, which develops into rigid spine, e.g., Quisqualis malabaricum of Combretaceae.

Functions of Petiole:

Petiole serves the following functions:

1. It helps to conduct material in both the direction,

2. Due to bending and twisting action, the petiole brings the leaf blade in a position to get sufficient sunlight for photosynthesis,

3. The swollen or bulbous petiole helps in floating,

4. The tendrilar petiole helps in climbing.

Essay # 3. Leaf-Blade or Epipodium or Lamina:

It is the apical region of the leaf, which is normally green, thin and expanded.

The leaf blade or lamina is the most important green and flattened part of a leaf. It is generally thin and usually dorsiventrally differentiated. Sometimes, it becomes reduced, modified or even absent due to variation of environmental conditions.

In the middle of the lamina, a strong midvein is present which runs from base to apex, called midrib (main vein). When the midrib divides the lamina into two equal halves, it is called symmetrical leaf (mango, Mangifera indica).

On the other hand, in some cases, the lateral halves are unequal and the leaf is said to be asymmetrical (Mirabilis jalapa of Nyctaginaceae and in some members of Bignoniaceae etc.). The midrib or the main vein branches out in the lateral halves and arrange either in parallel or in reticulate fashion.

Lamina shows much variation as to their general outline, surface, apex and other characteristics. But the characteristics are constant for a particular species.

3 Main Parts of a Leaf | Botany
The Foliage Leaf – Development and Parts (With Diagram)
Leaf: Definition, Parts and Types (With Diagram)| Botany
Essay on the Lamina of a Leaf: Top 6 Essays | Angiosperms | Botany

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Introduction

Leaves come in many different shapes. They may grow in several different arrangements.

Veins inside a plant’s leaves work much like blood vessels inside an animal’s body. They carry water and food to and from the leaves. Veins also provide the strong support that gives a leaf its shape. The veins of broad leaves usually form a netlike pattern throughout the leaf. Narrow leaves usually have veins that lie parallel to each other.

Different types of leaves may be rounded, oval, spear shaped, heart shaped, or triangular. Some leaves look almost like fingers on a hand. Others are shaped like needles. Some leaves have smooth edges. Other leaves have tiny points, called teeth. Leaves may also have waxy or hairy coverings for protection.

Photosynthesis

Inside all leaves are substances called pigments, which give leaves their colors. Green leaves get their color from a green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll helps with the job of photosynthesis. It absorbs energy from sunlight. The leaves use this energy to make sugars, which are food for the plant.

Falling Leaves

Plants lose leaves and grow new ones throughout their lives. But many trees , called deciduous trees, shed all their leaves during cold or dry seasons. Trees do this because they stop growing during these times.

In autumn or during a dry season, the leaves of deciduous trees lose their chlorophyll. As the leaves’ green color fades, red, yellow, or orange pigments become visible. Meanwhile, a weak layer of cells develops at the base of each leaf’s petiole. This weak layer causes the leaf to loosen and then fall off. The leaves grow back when the seasons change again.

Humans have found many uses for leaves. Herbs , such as rosemary, thyme, and sage, are leaves that are used to flavor food. Tea is made by soaking the leaves of the tea plant in hot water. Some leaves have medicinal uses. For instance, the leaves and flowers of the snapdragon plant are used to reduce fever and inflammation.

Leaves that have fallen on the ground are a rich source of carbon and other nutrients. These leaves can be used to provide nutrients for shrubs, trees, flowers, and vegetable gardens. They can also be shredded and used in a compost pile.

Leaves can also be harmful. The leaves of the poison oak and poison ivy plants produce oil that cause a rash or pain.

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Essay on Leaf (With Diagrams) | Botany

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The below mentioned essay provides an overview on Leaf. After reading this essay you will learn about: 1. Origin of Leaves 2. Origin of Branches 3. Origin of Reproductive Shoot Apex 4. Anatomy of the Leaf.

Essay on the Origin of Leaves:

A leaf initiates by periclinal divisions in a small group of cells at the side of an apical meristem. In angiosperms, the tunica and the corpus are responsible for leaf initiation. In the dicotyledonous plants the periclinal divisions initiating the leaves occur, not in the surface layer, but in one or more layers beneath it.

If the tunica is single- layered, such divisions take place within the corpus, otherwise they occur both in tunica and corpus or in the tunica only. In certain monocotyledonous plants the superficial tunica layer undergoes periclinal divisions and gives rise to some or most of the tissue.

In the case of gymnosperms the leaves initiate from the peripheral tissue zone. In the vascular cryptogams (pteridophytes) the leaves are initiated either from single superficial cells or from groups of such cells.

The periclinal divisions which initiate a leaf primordium are responsible for the formation of a lateral prominence on the side of the shoot apex. This prominence constitutes the leaf base which is also known as leaf buttress. Subsequently the leaf grows upwardly from the buttress. As shown in the figure, in Hypericum spp., the apical meristem is less prominently elevated above the youngest leaf buttress.

Before the initiation of a new leaf primordium the apical meristem appears as a rounded mound. It gradually widens, and, then leaf buttresses are initiated on its sides. While the new leaf primordia grow upward from the buttresses, the apical meristem again becomes like a small mound.

Essay on the Origin of Branches :

In angiosperms, branches commonly are initiated in close association with the leaves – They originate in the axils of the leaves, and in their nascent state they are known as axillary buds.

The axillary buds commonly initiate somewhat later than the leaves subtending them and therefore, it is not always clear whether the meristem of the axillary bud is derived directly from the apical meristem of the main shoot or whether it originates from partly differentiated tissue of the internode.

Both situations may occur because plants vary with regard to time of appearance of axillary buds. On the one hand, the axillary buds may be directly related to the apical meristem of the parent shoot; on the other hand they may intergrade, ontogenetically with the adventitious buds which arise in obviously differentiated tissue regions.

The initiation of the axillary bud in seed plants is characterized by a combination of anticlinal divisions, in one or more of the superficial layers of the young axis, and of various divisions, sometimes predominantly periclinal, in the deeper layers (see Fig. 41.2). This coordinated growth in surface of the peripheral region and growth in volume at greater depth cause the bud to protrude above the surface of the axis.

Depending on the quantitative relationships between the tunica and the corpus in the shoot apices of angiosperms. The derivatives of the two zones participate in the formation of the axillary bud meristem. If the axillary bud develops into a shoot, its apical meristem gradually organizes — commonly duplicating the pattern found in the parent shoot apex and proceeds with the formation of leaves.

Essay on the Origin of Reproductive Shoot Apex :

In the reproductive state in angiosperms, floral apices replace the vegetative apices either directly or through the development of an inflorescence. The flower, which may occur singly or as part of an inflorescence, is formed during the reproductive phase of growth.

It develops from a terminal or lateral vegetative shoot apex and results in the culmination of meristematic activity of that particular meristem. Thus, the floral apex, like the leaf primordium and unlike the vegetative shoot apex, shows determinate growth.

The change to the reproductive stage may be first detected by the modified growth habit of the shoot. When the flowers develop an axillary-branch inflorescence, there appears an acceleration in production of axillary buds, which shows one of the earliest indication of approaching flowering.

Simultaneously, the nature of foliar organs subtending the axillary buds also changes. They develop as bracts more or less distinct from the foliage leaves. Here during the reproductive stage the axillary buds appear earlier and grow more vigorously than the subtending bract primordia. The next feature that reveals the beginning of the reproductive state is the sudden increase in the elongation of internodes.

From the viewpoint of histology and cytology the reproductive meristem differs from the vegetative meristem in varying degrees. It may have the same quantitative relationship between the tunica and the corpus as was present in the vegetative apex, or the number of separate surface layers may be reduced or increased.

The most conspicuous change is exhibited in the distribution of the eumeristematic and the more highly vacuolated cells.

In many species the apex of the inflorescence or the flower shows a uniform, small-celled mantle-like zone of one or more layers enclosing a large celled core; this type of apex may be flatter and wider than the vegetative one.

It is not necessary that the mantle may coincide with the tunica; a part of corpus may be included in it. The cells of the central tissue enlarge and become vacuolate, and the meristematic activity remains restricted to the mantle zone. This activity is concerned only with the production of floral organs.

Essay on the Anatomy of the Leaf :

Commonly there are two types of leaves:

1. Dorsiventral Leaves (dicotyledonous) and

2. Isobilateral Leaves (monocotyledonous).

The dorsiventral leaves usually grow in a horizontal direction with distinct upper and lower surfaces, the upper being more strongly illuminated than the lower. There exists a difference in the internal structure between the upper and lower surfaces of the dorsiventral leaf due to its unequal illumination.

Most of the dicotyledonous leaves are dorsiventral. The isobilateral leaves hang vertically so that both surfaces of the leaf receive direct and equal amount of sunlight. The isobilateral leaves possess a uniform structure on both upper and lower surfaces. A very few dicotyledons and most monocotyledons have isobilateral leaves.

Usually the leaf is composed of various tissues, which furnish various functions. In discussions of the form and anatomy of the leaf, it is customary to designate the leaf surface that is continuous with the surface of the part of the stem located above the leaf insertion as upper, ventral, or adaxial side, the opposite side as the lower, dorsal or abaxial.

Anatomy of Dicotyledonous Leaf :

To study the anatomy of leaf, several vertical sections passing through the mid-rib are required.

The internal structure of the dicotyledonous leaf is as follows:

Epidermis :

The leaf is covered on both surfaces by a single-layered epidermis. The outer walls of the epidermis are usually thickened, and covered over with a waxy substance called cutin. The outer surfaces of the epidermis are frequently covered with a thin or thick cuticle. This cuticular layer is formed of cutin.

As the outer walls of the epidermis are thick and cutinized, water does not pass through them rapidly and the transpiration from the surface of the epidermis is greatly reduced, only small quantity of water is evaporated by transpiration. The epidermis checks the transpiration to a great extent.

The epidermis also prevents the entrance of pathogens into the interior of the leaf. Another function of the epidermis is the protection of the soft internal tissue of the leaf from the mechanical injuries. Sometimes in the xerophytic leaves the epidermis cells become radially elongated and somewhat lignified. In Nerium leaf, the epidermis is multi-layered.

Numerous small openings called stomata are found in the epidermal layers of the leaves. Stomata are found in most abundance in the lower epidermis of the dorsiventral leaf. They are very few in the upper epidermis and sometimes altogether absent.

In the floating leaves, stomata remain confined to the upper epidermis; in the submerged leaves the stomata are absent. In xerophytic leaves either stomata are sunken or situated inside the depressions.

Each stoma remains surrounded by two semilunar guard cells. The guard cells are living and contain chloroplasts; they regulate opening and closing of stomata. The guard cells may remain surrounded by two or more accessory cells in addition to epidermal cells. The stomata are found in scattered condition.

Usually the stomata are meant for exchange of gases in between the plant and the atmosphere. To facilitate the diffusion of gases properly, each stoma opens internally into a respiratory cavity or sub-stomatal chamber. The transpiration takes place through the stomata, and the surplus water is being evaporated.

Mesophyll Tissue :

The tissue of the leaf that lies between the upper and lower epidermis and between the veins consist of typically thin walled parenchyma is known as mesophyll. This tissue forms the major portion of the inner of leaf. Commonly the cells of mesophyll are of two types—the palisade parenchyma or palisade tissue, and the spongy parenchyma or spongy tissue. The mesophyll tissues always contain chloroplasts in them.

The palisade parenchyma is generally composed of elongated and more or less cylindrical cells which are close together with long axes of the cells perpendicular to the epidermis. In transverse section the cells appear to be arranged quite compact, are really separate from each other having intercellular spaces among them.

The palisade tissue may consist of a single or more layers. These cells are arranged near to the upper surface of the leaf, where they receive sunlight and facilitate to carry the function of photosynthesis. Sometimes the leaves hang vertically (e.g., Eucalyptus), so that both surfaces of leaf are equally illuminated.

In such leaves the palisade parenchyma may occur on both sides. The compactness of the palisade parenchyma depends upon light intensity. The leaves which receive direct sunlight develop more compact parenchyma in comparison to the leaves which develop in shady places.

The lower portion of the mesophyll in the leaf is known as spongy parenchyma or spongy tissue. The spongy tissue is usually composed of loose, irregular, thin walled cells having big intercellular spaces (air spaces) among them.

The cells of spongy parenchyma also contain chloroplasts and carry on photosynthesis, but in comparison of palisade parenchyma less chloroplasts are developed. Due to the presence of a large air space in the spongy tissue they are more adaptable to the exchange of gases between the cells and the atmosphere.

The large air spaces that surround the spongy parenchyma cells are near the stomata and directly connected with them. There is therefore a much more free circulation of gases around these cells than around the palisade parenchyma cells, with the result that they are better suited to the exchange of gases between the cells and the surrounding atmosphere.

The air spaces of the spongy chlorenchyma are not isolated chambers but a series of intercommunicating passages.

Both spongy and palisade parenchyma contain discoid chloroplasts arranged in parallel rows in the cells. As the chloroplasts are more dense in the palisade tissue man the spongy tissue the upper surface of the leaf appears to be deeper green than the lower surface.

Mechanical Support in the Leaf :

The functions of the midrib and the lateral veins are to strengthen the leaf.

The important tissue giving mechanical strength to leaf is:

collenchyma, sclerenchyma, turgid parenchyma and woody xylem.

Collenchyma:

In the centre of the upper portion of the midrib, just below the epidermis, there is usually a group of cells which give strength by having thickened walls and by being turgid A group of the same kind of cells usually occurs also just above the lower epidermis. These cells constitute the collenchyma.

Collenchyma is composed of living cells with walls which are thickened at the angles where three or more cells come in contact with one another. The thick places in the walls increase the strength of the cells, while the thin places allow for a more rapid transfer of materials from cell to cell than would take place if the cell walls were thickened throughout.

These cells are more or less turgid, and so give strength to the leaf in the way also. The weight of the leaf causes it to tend to bend downward, with the result that there is a tendency for the upper portion to be stretched and the lower portion compressed. The collenchyma occurs, therefore, in those parts of the midrib in which there is the greatest need for strengthening material.

Sclerenchyma:

Usually the sclerenchyma cells or the fibres are associated with the vascular tissues of the leaves. They occur usually as bundle caps adjacent to the phloem. Sometimes the fibres are found on both the sides of large vascular bundle of the leaves.

Usually these cells are thick walled, dead and lignified. Their position just exterior to thin-walled phloem affords mechanical protection to the latter. The fibres are greatly elongated in the longitudinal direction of the midrib.

Turgid parenchyma:

The regions between the collenchyma cells and the central portion of the midrib are occupied by parenchyma cells. In structure the parenchyma cells are not specially modified for any particular function, but they perform all the general functions of cells to a limited extent. Parenchyma cells have thin walls, but on account of their turgidity they strengthen the midrib.

Usually the vessels and tracheids of xylem conduct water, but due to their thick walled nature they also give mechanical support to the leaves. The xylem elements are composed of lignified and dead cells.

Orientation of Vascular Tissue :

In the leaf traces of flowering plants, before they have the stele, the phloem is always found towards the outside of the stem. The leaf traces after their entrance in the petiole and lamina, also maintain the relative position of the xylem and the phloem, i.e., the phloem is always found towards the lower side and the xylem towards the upper side in the leaf.

Sometimes the xylem ring remains surrounded by a ring of phloem. The phloem occurs only below the xylem or rarely both above and below it.

Conducting system:

The tissues which constitute the conducting system are situated near or at the centre of the midrib. This system may have various shapes, e.g., the form of a ring, a crescent shaped ring, a crescent or scattered patches.

In the ring shaped conducting system parenchyma cells are usually found in the centre of the ring. The inner part of the ring is composed of xylem (towards upper surface), and phloem (towards lower surface).

Xylem is composed of various kinds of vessels, trachieds wood fibres and wood parenchyma. Specially the vessels are annular and spiral. Xylem conducts water, raw food material and also gives mechanical support to the leaf. The phloem consists of sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma. The phloem serves for the translocation of prepared food material from the mesophyll of the leaf.

The structure of large veins is more or less similar to that of a midrib. As they pass from the base of a leaf blade towards the apex or margin of the leaf, they get reduced in size, and simple in structure. The small veins consist of only of few conducting cells.

The xylem is always found towards the upper surface and phloem towards lower even in very small veins. The cells of the mesophyll (chlorenchyma) are usually arranged so that the conduction of materials to and from the veins is facilitated.

The bundle sheath:

The larger vascular bundles of dicotyledonous leave remain surrounded by parenchyma with small number of chloroplasts, whereas the small bundles occur in the mesophyll. However, these small bundles do not remain in contact with intercellular spaces but are commonly enclosed with a layer of compactly arranged parenchyma, the bundle sheath.

In dicotyledons the bundle-sheath parenchyma is also called border parenchyma.

The bundle sheaths of dicotyledonous leaves usually consist of cells elongated parallel with the course of the bundle and having walls as thin as those of adjacent mesophyll. In some plants these cells have chloroplasts similar to those the mesophyll (e.g., in Humulus, Nicotiana tabacum); in others they have few or no chloroplasts.

The bundle sheath cells are in direct contact with the conducting cells of the vascular bundle of parenchyma and on the outer face with the mesophyll tissue. Individual sheath cells may contain crystals.

The parenchymatous bundle sheaths are more common, but in certain dicotyledons bundles of various sizes are enclosed in sclerenchyma, e.g. Winteraceae, Melastomaceae; (Bailey and Nast, 1944; Foster, 1947).

Vertical leaves:

The leaves of many species of Eucalyptus do not spread out horizontally but hang vertically, so that both surfaces of the leaf receive direct sunlight. In keeping with this fact, palisade chlorenchyma is developed on both sides.

Anatomy of Monocotyledonous Leaf :

The monocotyledons as a group show greater diversity of specialized leaf types. The leaves of this group are not made up of stipules, petiole and leaf blade. In general monocotyledonous leaves are parallel-veined.

Most of monocotyledonous leaves are nearly erect and more or less both surfaces usually receive direct and equal amount of sunlight. Such leaves are called isobilateral (isos = equal; bi = two; lateris = side). The internal structure of such leaves is more or less similar in both the upper and lower halves.

The epidermis on either side contains the stomata and the mesophyll is usually not differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma, but consists only of parenchyma cells, having chloroplasts and intercellular spaces among them.

Anatomy of Leaf of Zea Mays (Maize)—Monocot:

The epidermis is found on both upper and lower surfaces of the leaf. The epidermal layers are uniseriate and composed of more or less oval cells. The outer wall of the epidermal cells is cuticularized. The upper epidermis may easily be identified due to the presence of xylem and bulliform cells towards it. Stomata are confined to both the epidermal layers.

As the leaf is isobilateral, the mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade and spongy tissues. It is composed of compactly arranged thin walled, isodiametric chlorophyllous cells having well developed intercellular spaces among them.

Vascular bundles:

The vascular bundles are collateral and closed as found in monocotyledonous stems. Most of the bundles are small in size but fairly large bundles, also occur at regular intervals. The xylem is found towards upper side and phloem towards lower side in the bundles. Usually each bundle remains surrounded by a bundle sheath consisting of thin walled parenchyma cells.

The cells of bundle sheath generally contain starch grains in them. Xylem consists of vessels and phloem of sieve tubes and companion cells. Sclerenchyma cells occur in patches on both ends of the large vascular bundles which give mechanical support to the leaf.

Anatomy of the Leaf of Triticum Aestivum (Wheat)—Monoco t:

As usual the epidermis layers are found on both upper and lower surfaces of the leaf. The epidermises are uniseriate and composed of more or less oval cells having no intercellular spaces among them. The outer walls of epidermal cells are cuticularized.

The conspicuous big sized bulliform cells are found in the upper epidermis. The stomata are confined to both epidermis layers. The sub-stomatal chambers are also seen in vertical section.

It is composed of more or less oval chlorenchyma cells having intercellular spaces among them. The mesophyll tissue is not clearly differentiated into palisade and spongy parenchyma; however, the cells towards epidermal layers are somewhat elongated and palisade-like. Sub-stomatal chambers are seen beneath the stomata.

The vascular bundles are collateral and closed as found in monocotyledonous stems. The bundles are arranged in parallel series. Xylem occurs towards upper surface and phloem towards lower surface. Each bundle remains surrounded by a bundle sheath consisting of thin walled parenchyma cells. The sclerenchyma strands are found on both the ends of each big vascular bundle.

Dorsiventral Leaf, Isobilateral and Centric Leaf | Plants
Anatomy of Mangifera indica Dicot Leaf | Biology
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Characteristics of leaves

1.1 Leaf function
1.2 Schematic drawing of leaf parts
1.3 Leaf parts
1.4 Examples of types of leaves and their parts
1.5 Different leaves depending on the type of leaf limbus
1.6 One leaf with petiole and one sessile leaf

Parts, functions and types of leaves

Leaf function.

The leaf is one of the most important parts of vegetables since it is the part of the plant that is in charge of carrying out photosynthesis , as well as plant respiration and transpiration.

Schematic drawing of leaf parts

There are many types of leaves that allow us to distinguish one plant from another, but, essentially, every leaf is made up of the following parts:

1.- – NERVES

2.- – EDGE

3.- UNDERSIDE

4.- UPPER SIDE

The limbo is the wide part of the leaf. It is its most attractive part and what most people understand and identify as a leaf when such a name is mentioned. Within the limbus of the leaves, we have to talk about the following parts:

The upper-side of the leafs: It is usually bright green in color.

The underside of the leaves: It is the part opposite to the upper side. Its color is usually darker and often has hairs.

The nerves of the leaves: they are a kind of wrinkles or channels that run along the limb of the leaf. Actually, they are the conducting vessels that run along its surface.

The edge of the leaves: It constitutes the margin or end of the limbus. It can be of different forms that are used to distinguish some leaves from others.

The petiole of the leaves: it is the part of the leaf that joins the limbus to the branch. It is shaped like a stalk and the conducting vessels run through it. There are some leaves that do not have petioles. These leaves without petiole are called sessile leaves.

Examples of types of leaves and their parts

Detail of a holly leaf held up to light, seen from the underside. Note the central main vein and lateral veins. Between them, other smaller nerves branch out to form a wide network that covers the entire leaf. In the background you can see a kind of green grains. They are the chloroplasts that are in charge of carrying out photosynthesis.

Photo of poplar leaf ( Populus nigra ). Click on the image to see enlarged details and test to see if you can distinguish the parts of the leaf.

Different leaves depending on the type of leaf limbus

One leaf with petiole and one sessile leaf.

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Parts of the Leaf

This video lesson is designed for 3-6-year-old children. It demonstrates the basic structure of a leaf and its parts.

This science lesson provides a practical life experience by introducing the child to the different shapes and colors of leaves. It guides the child about the structure of a leaf and its characteristics by labeling the different parts of the leaf, like the apex, veins, stem, etc.

What is a Leaf?

A leaf is a plant organ that is flat, thin, and usually green in color. It is also called the kitchen of the plant as it is responsible for making food for itself as well as other parts of the plant.

Leaves are green in color because the pigment is called chlorophyll which helps plants to prepare food through photosynthesis.

Leaves vary in different shapes, sizes, and colors based on the plant type and are generally Dorso-ventrally flattened and thin.

What are the Parts of the Leaf?

A leaf has two main parts: The leaf blade and the Stalk or the petiole.

A. Stem / Petiole

A petiole is a stalk-like structure that connects a leaf to the plant’s stem. It is made of vascular tissues.

Functions of Stem

It provides support to the leaf and keeps it erect.
It transports water and nutrients absorbed by the roots to the leaves.
It transports food to the rest of the plant.

B. Leaf-blade or Lamina

It is the thin, flat part of the leaf that is typically green in color. It is characterized by green color, thinness, and smoothness. The leaf is divided into three parts: i) leaf apex – the tip of the leaf blade; ii) leaf margin – the edge of the leaf; and iii) leaf veins – tiny capillaries.

Functions of Leaf Blade

It helps plants prepare their food using raw materials like water, carbon dioxide, and minerals through photosynthesis.
It helps to perform transpiration.

Note: Some plants also contain a third part of the leaf called stipules. These are small flap-like structures that grow at the base of the petioles. Also, some leaves are directly attached to the stem without the petioles and are called sessile leaves. Saffron and Achyranthes plants have sessile leaves.

Let us now understand the structure of the leaf using two different-looking leaves, as shown in the video.

What is the Structure of a Leaf Blade?

As discussed above, the leaf blade is divided into different parts

1. Stomata

Stomata are the minute pores present on the surface of the leaf.

Functions of Stomata

It helps to release the oxygen and absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
It helps in the movement of water vapors.

2. Veins

Leaf veins are divided into two parts: the main/ central vein and the side veins. It helps in transporting water and nutrients throughout the leaf.

a. The main vein or the midrib: The main vein is like the backbone of the smaller vein to transport important nutrients from leaves to different parts of the plant.

Functions of Main Vein:

It helps the leaf to keep in an upright position and keeps the leaf strong during the wind flow
It supports the leaf to stand and exposes it to proper sunlight.

b. Side Veins: Side veins are the lateral extensions that develop from the midrib of the leaf and extend towards the leaf margin. It is like a network of veins that reaches every stoma of the leaves, collects the food, and transports it to the main vein of the leaf.

3. Apex

Apex is a protruding part of a leaf where water droplets accumulate, and droplet separation occurs during drainage.

Function of Apex

It helps in draining excess water without damaging the structure of the leaf.

4. Leaf Margin

The leaf margin allows the leaf to have a hard surface and reduces water loss.

Invite the child for a walk in your garden and ask them to pick a leaf and name the different parts, as shown in the video. Encourage them to connect with nature as they explore their surroundings.

Parts of a Leaf

What do all leaves have in common?

In this lesson, you will learn about a leaf’s different parts and functions. We will get up close and personal when we examine a leaf specimen, and you will collect one from your local area to examine too. We will explore the similarities and differences that leaves have and you will use nomenclature cards to learn more about the terms for the parts of a leaf. Then, you’ll have the opportunity to capture the beauty of leaves by preserving some leaves you find in your area.

What you’ll learn:

Leaves have different parts that have specific functions.

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Leaf Structure ( CIE IGCSE Biology )

Revision note.

Biology Lead

Leaf Structure & Adaptations for Photosynthesis

Leaf structure.

Diagram showing the cross-section of a leaf

How photosynthesising cells obtain carbon dioxide

Pathway of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to chloroplasts by diffusion:

atmosphere → air spaces around spongy mesophyll tissue → leaf mesophyll cells → chloroplast

Leaf Structure Table

Adaptations of Leaf Structure for Photosynthesis Table

Adaptations of Leaf for Photosynthesis table, IGCSE & GCSE Biology revision notes

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Parts of Leaf with Functions and Types

The Parts of Leaf are important for a plant. The main part is the leaf blade or lamina. This is the big, flat part that does most of the work like making food and breathing. The petiole is a small stick-like part that holds the leaf to the stem. This helps the leaf move and get more light. Veins are like small roads inside the leaf. They carry food and water and keep the leaf strong. Stipules are tiny parts at the bottom of the petiole. They can look different and do different things. All these parts work together to help the plant stay healthy and grow.

Table of Contents

Parts of Leaf

Blade (Lamina)

The blade, or lamina, is the big, flat part of the leaf that is usually green. It’s where the plant makes its food using sunlight.

The midrib is the thick line that runs down the middle of the leaf. It helps to hold the leaf up and carry water and food back and forth.

The base is the part of the leaf that is closest to the stem or branch. It’s the spot where the leaf starts to spread out.

Stipules are small, leaf-like parts that can be found at the base where the leaf joins the stem. Not all plants have them, but they can protect the leaf when it’s still growing.

The petiole is like a little stick that connects the leaf blade to the plant’s stem. It helps the leaf to move and get more sunlight.

The stem is the main part that holds up the leaf and the rest of the plant. It acts like a tube for water and food to move through the plant.

The apex is the tip of the leaf, the part that points out the farthest from the stem. It’s the end of the leaf blade.

The margin is the edge of the leaf. It can be smooth, jagged, or have different patterns.

Veins are the lines you can see on the leaf blade. They are like little pipes that carry water and nutrients all through the leaf.

Venules are smaller lines that come off the veins. They help to spread the water and nutrients to all parts of the leaf.

The axil is the angle between the upper side of the stem and the leaf or branch that is growing out of it. It’s like a little pocket where you can sometimes find new flowers or leaves growing.

Making Food : Leaves use sunlight to make food for the plant through a process called photosynthesis.
Breathing : Leaves take in carbon dioxide from the air and release oxygen for us to breathe.
Water Release : Leaves release extra water from the plant into the air, a process known as transpiration.
Growth : Leaves can grow towards the light to help the plant get more of the sunlight it needs.
Protection : Some leaves have sharp edges or substances that help protect the plant from animals and insects.

Types of Leaves

Simple Leaves : These have one single blade on each stem. Examples include mango leaves and cherry leaves.
Compound Leaves : These have many small leaflets joined to a single stem. Examples are the leaves of a rose or clover.
Needle-like Leaves : Thin and pointy leaves that are good in cold places because they don’t lose much water. Pine trees have these kinds of leaves.
Scale-like Leaves : These are small and look like scales, helping to reduce water loss. Juniper and cypress trees have these leaves.
Spade-shaped Leaves : Wide and shaped like a spade, these are common in houseplants like the Chinese evergreen.
Oval Leaves : Rounded or egg-shaped leaves that are very common, like the leaves on apple trees.
Heart-shaped Leaves : These are shaped like a heart and can be found on plants like the redbud tree.
Lobed Leaves : These have deep indentations but are still one piece, like oak leaves or maple leaves.

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Essay On Plants – 10 Lines, Short And Long Essay For Kids

Key Points To Remember When Writing An Essay On Plants For Lower Primary Classes

5 lines on plants for children, 10 lines on plants for kids, a paragraph on plants for children, short essay on the importance of plants for kids, long essay on plants for children, what will your child learn from this essay on plants.

Humans have depended on plants for generations for food and medicine. Plants go through photosynthesis and can pull nutrients from the soil and return them to the earth. They also provide clean air to breathe and scrub the atmosphere off pollutants. Many animals depend on plants for survival and live in environments surrounded by them, as they serve as natural habitats. If you are trying to write about plants in English and educate your kids, there are a lot of things you need to know to get started. Read on below to learn how to write an essay on plants for classes 1, 2, and 3.

Plants are valued not just for their beauty but for our well-being. Below are key points to remember on the importance of plants and how to write an essay on the same.

Start with an introductory paragraph. Write a few simple sentences on how they influence our daily lives.
Talk about the different types and uses of plants.
You can also cover plants’ health benefits and briefly add how they improve emotional and mental well-being.
Conclude with how to pick the best plants for your home, where to start, and why you love plants.

You can write a few lines on plants, but it’s crucial to understand their natural design and processes. We cannot enjoy the quality of life we live and breathe if it weren’t for plants. Here are 5 lines on plants for children:

Plants do a lot for our environment, and their role is often underestimated.
Plants in oceans maintain balance in the ecosystem and are essential for the survival of various aquatic species.
Most plants absorb harmful outdoor gasses and purify the air.
Plants absorb carbon dioxide and produce oxygen to sustain life on earth.
The roots of plants bind them to the soil, and photosynthesis is a process that occurs through plants’ leaves.

The countless benefits of plants cannot be denied since plants have existed for thousands of years. You can mention this in your essay for classes 1 and 2. Here are 10 sentences on plants for children:

Plants purify the air we breathe and help to maintain balance in an ecosystem.
They reduce the harmful effects of UV rays coming from the sun and cool down the air.
Plants are crucial to our survival as humans since they produce oxygen which is key to life.
Transpiration is a process through which plants move water from the soil to the atmosphere.
Plants give us different resources such as food, gum, herbal medicine, etc.
Dried hay and straw are plants that are used to feed animals like cows, horses, and sheep.
Plants make their own food. This process of making food is known as photosynthesis.
The study of plants is known as Botany.
Green algae are called primitive plants because they live in water.
Liverworts are plants that thrive in damp and tiny conditions, often known for lacking vascular tissue.

Plants are always around us; we see them in houses and parks. Writing a short paragraph on plants will enhance kids’ knowledge of the subject.

A plant comprises more than 95% water; every tree we find around us was once a plant many years ago. It’s no surprise that they provide sustenance to living beings; without plants, it would be impossible to have a life on earth. There are three main types of plants – conifers, ferns, and flowering plants. Flowering plants are described as those species that grow leaves such as roses, tulips, dandelions, sunflowers, etc. Conifers are evergreens that grow tall and sometimes have needles instead of leaves. Ferns are non-flowering plants that don’t have leaves or flowers. Blue-green algae originated 3 billion years ago and were known to be the first plants on this earth.

Plants are found in all shapes and sizes and are known to improve our lives. Here’s a short essay for classes 1, 2, and 3 on plants:

Trees are the most significant plants, and they are full of leaves during the summers. Plants are the beauty of the earth. As humans, we depend on plants for food and various other things like gum, rubber, and paper for our consumption. Through photosynthesis, plants can make their own food. Plants cannot run away from animals to protect themselves but have specific safety mechanisms. Sharp spines and allergic reactions triggered by leaves are common ways to defend against prey in nature. Plants provide various benefits for people. They can purify the air and help keep us healthy. Some plants can even provide medicine or food when needed. Plants provide a variety of vegetables, fruits, oxygen, and other things and assist in controlling carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Botany is the study of plants and their species and features. Plants are important because they provide habitats for animals and aquatic species and make other valuable things like rubber, resin, vegetable oils, and natural dyes. Fossil fuels like coal and petroleum are also by-products of plants used in automobiles.

Photosynthesis occurs during the day, and plants require sunlight, oxygen, and nutrients from the soil to survive and thrive. Unlike humans, plants are anabolic and catabolic by nature. Below is a long essay for class 3 kids on plants:

Plants are necessary for humans to survive and thrive. Chlorophyll in plant leaves absorbs light from the sun and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, releasing oxygen into the environment.

During respiration, oxygen gets utilised, and CO2 is given out. If the number of plants in our environment decrease, it can pose significant health hazards since there will be no control over air pollution. Plants provide animals with food and edible parts such as fruits and nuts. The roots of many plants are ground into fine powders and store medicinal value, and many plants, such as the aloe vera and neem plant, treat skin conditions such as acne, eczema, and rashes. Some plants can be used for getting relief from stomach ulcers and food allergies, boost metabolism and fix appetite.

Plant fibres are used for manufacturing clothing materials such as jute, flax, and hemp.

What Are Plants?

Plants are photosynthetic eukaryotes that comprise all living organisms that are not animals. They include some fungi, algae, aquatic, and land species.

Important Characteristics Of Plants

The important characteristics of plants are:

Photosynthesis – It is the process they make their own food and survive.
Cell walls – They descend from the green algae and are multicellular.
Meristems – New tissues and organs are formed at the meristems.
Hydrostatic Systems – Plant cell walls are made of cellulose, and these species serve as hydrostatic systems.
Reproduction – Plants are capable of reproduction and can disperse new life through airborne spores.
Stationary – Plants cannot move and are bound static to the soil.
Aesthetics – Plants are pleasing to the eyes and provide humans with aesthetic pleasure. They can liven up indoor and outdoor environments.
Life cycles- Each plant has its definite life cycle, and its growth or lifespan depends on environmental factors and nutrition.
Protoplasm – Protoplasm is the actual living matter present in plants.
Adaptability – Some plants are versatile and can adapt to harsh living conditions.

Significance And Benefits Of Plants

Following are different benefits, significance, and uses of plants:

Lower anxiety and stress – Indoor plants have reduced anxiety and stress. As per multiple studies, people exposed to the greenery around them performed better than those that didn’t.
Improve indoor air quality – Plants scrub dust, contaminants, and pollutants from the air through phytoremediation. Several species, such as areca, spider plant, etc., have been helpful.
Alleviate allergies or asthma – If you have any seasonal allergies or asthma, you may find that having various plants in your home can help alleviate them.
Boost oxygen levels – Plants are good at filtering out carbon dioxide from the environment and boosting oxygen levels. They also remove unwanted chemicals from the air, thus making it easier to breathe.
Reduce global warming – Plants help lower the global temperature of the atmosphere; without them, we wouldn’t be able to survive on this earth.
Prevent soil erosion – Plants keep soils fertile worldwide and supply all the significant nutrients to them.
Enhance creativity – Plants can significantly improve creativity for those trying to exercise their imagination. Many artists, singers, musicians, and great people in history had plants in their homes.
Absorb background noise – If you live in a noisy environment, you’d be surprised to learn that plants can absorb background noise. The best way to reap this gift is by positioning them around the edges and corners of rooms, and some excellent examples are the Snake Plant and Weeping Fig.

Factors That Are Affecting Plants

The following are common factors that affect plants:

Climactic Factors – Plants are affected by climate conditions such as temperature, light, wind, humidity, and precipitation.
Nutrition – Plants absorb nutrients from the soil, and soil composition is essential for their growth and development.

Your child can learn a lot by writing an essay on plants. They will learn how nature works, where they get their food from, and why plants are vital to their lives.

Now that you know enough about plants, you can get to work on writing about them. Look up popular houseplants and study the varieties you like. That’s how you write a unique and creative essay that’s not only informational but a fun read!

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Parts Of Leaf

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77. [Rede ueber Lessing] LESSING Autograph manuscript with underscoring; 16 leaves numbered 1-13 (the last 3 leaves are unnumbered) The inscription "Vorarbeiten zum Lessing-Essay" appears on the back of the last leaf in TM's hand

Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library > Thomas Mann collection (YCGL MSS 5) > Series I: Thomas Mann Writings > 77. [Rede ueber Lessing] LESSING Autograph manuscript with underscoring; 16 leaves numbered 1-13 (the last 3 leaves are unnumbered) The inscription "Vorarbeiten zum Lessing-Essay" appears on the back of the last leaf in TM's hand

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THIS ITEM 77. [Rede ueber Lessing] LESSING Autograph manuscript with underscoring; 16 leaves numbered 1-13 (the last 3 leaves are unnumbered) The inscription "Vorarbeiten zum Lessing-Essay" appears on the back of the last leaf in TM's hand

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How To Tackle The Weirdest Supplemental Essay Prompts For This Application Cycle

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Writing the college essay

How do you write a letter to a friend that shows you’re a good candidate for the University of Pennsylvania? What reading list will help the Columbia University admissions committee understand your interdisciplinary interests? How can you convey your desire to attend Yale by inventing a course description for a topic you’re interested in studying?

These are the challenges students must overcome when writing their supplemental essays . Supplemental essays are a critical component of college applications—like the personal statement, they provide students with the opportunity to showcase their authentic voice and perspective beyond the quantitative elements of their applications. However, unlike the personal essay, supplemental essays allow colleges to read students’ responses to targeted prompts and evaluate their candidacy for their specific institution. For this reason, supplemental essay prompts are often abstract, requiring students to get creative, read between the lines, and ditch the traditional essay-writing format when crafting their responses.

While many schools simply want to know “why do you want to attend our school?” others break the mold, inviting students to think outside of the box and answer prompts that are original, head-scratching, or downright weird. This year, the following five colleges pushed students to get creative—if you’re struggling to rise to the challenge, here are some tips for tackling their unique prompts:

University of Chicago

Prompt: We’re all familiar with green-eyed envy or feeling blue, but what about being “caught purple-handed”? Or “tickled orange”? Give an old color-infused expression a new hue and tell us what it represents. – Inspired by Ramsey Bottorff, Class of 2026

What Makes it Unique: No discussion of unique supplemental essay prompts would be complete without mentioning the University of Chicago, a school notorious for its puzzling and original prompts (perhaps the most well-known of these has been the recurring prompt “Find x”). This prompt challenges you to invent a new color-based expression, encouraging both linguistic creativity and a deep dive into the emotional or cultural connotations of color. It’s a prompt that allows you to play with language, think abstractly, and show off your ability to forge connections between concepts that aren’t typically linked—all qualities that likewise demonstrate your preparedness for UChicago’s unique academic environment.

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How to Answer it: While it may be easy to get distracted by the open-ended nature of the prompt, remember that both the substance and structure of your response should give some insight into your personality, perspective, and characteristics. With this in mind, begin by considering the emotions, experiences, or ideas that most resonate with you. Then, use your imagination to consider how a specific color could represent that feeling or concept. Remember that the prompt is ultimately an opportunity to showcase your creativity and original way of looking at the world, so your explanation does not need to be unnecessarily deep or complex—if you have a playful personality, convey your playfulness in your response; if you are known for your sarcasm, consider how you can weave in your biting wit; if you are an amateur poet, consider how you might take inspiration from poetry as you write, or offer a response in the form of a poem.

The goal is to take a familiar concept and turn it into something new and meaningful through a creative lens. Use this essay to showcase your ability to think inventively and to draw surprising connections between language and life.

Harvard University

Prompt: Top 3 things your roommates might like to know about you.

What Makes it Unique: This prompt is unique in both form and substance—first, you only have 150 words to write about all 3 things. Consider using a form other than a traditional essay or short answer response, such as a bullet list or short letter. Additionally, note that the things your roommate might like to learn about you do not necessarily overlap with the things you would traditionally share with an admissions committee. The aim of the prompt is to get to know your quirks and foibles—who are you as a person and a friend? What distinguishes you outside of academics and accolades?

How to Answer it: First and foremost, feel free to get creative with your response to this prompt. While you are producing a supplemental essay and thus a professional piece of writing, the prompt invites you to share more personal qualities, and you should aim to demonstrate your unique characteristics in your own voice. Consider things such as: How would your friends describe you? What funny stories do your parents and siblings share that encapsulate your personality? Or, consider what someone might want to know about living with you: do you snore? Do you have a collection of vintage posters? Are you particularly fastidious? While these may seem like trivial things to mention, the true creativity is in how you connect these qualities to deeper truths about yourself—perhaps your sleepwalking is consistent with your reputation for being the first to raise your hand in class or speak up about a cause you’re passionate about. Perhaps your living conditions are a metaphor for how your brain works—though it looks like a mess to everyone else, you have a place for everything and know exactly where to find it. Whatever qualities you choose, embrace the opportunity to think outside of the box and showcase something that admissions officers won’t learn about anywhere else on your application.

University of Pennsylvania

Prompt: Write a short thank-you note to someone you have not yet thanked and would like to acknowledge.

What Makes it Unique: Breaking from the traditional essay format, this supplement invites you to write directly to a third party in the form of a 150-200 word long letter. The challenge in answering this distinct prompt is to remember that your letter should say as much about you, your unique qualities and what you value as it does about the recipient—all while not seeming overly boastful or contrived.

How to Answer it: As you select a recipient, consider the relationships that have been most formative in your high school experience—writing to someone who has played a large part in your story will allow the admissions committee some insight into your development and the meaningful relationships that guided you on your journey. Once you’ve identified the person, craft a thank-you note that is specific and heartfelt—unlike other essays, this prompt invites you to be sentimental and emotional, as long as doing so would authentically convey your feelings of gratitude. Describe the impact they’ve had on you, what you’ve learned from them, and how their influence has shaped your path. For example, if you’re thanking a teacher, don’t just say they helped you become a better student—explain how their encouragement gave you the confidence to pursue your passions. Keep the tone sincere and personal, avoid clichés and focus on the unique role this person has played in your life.

University of Notre Dame

Prompt: What compliment are you most proud of receiving, and why does it mean so much to you?

What Makes it Unique: This prompt is unique in that it invites students to share something about themselves by reflecting on someone else’s words in 50-100 words.

How to Answer it: The key to answering this prompt is to avoid focusing too much on the complement itself and instead focus on your response to receiving it and why it was so important to you. Note that this prompt is not an opportunity to brag about your achievements, but instead to showcase what truly matters to you. Select a compliment that truly speaks to who you are and what you value. It could be related to your character, work ethic, kindness, creativity, or any other quality that you hold in high regard. The compliment doesn’t have to be grand or come from someone with authority—it could be something small but significant that left a lasting impression on you, or it could have particular meaning for you because it came from someone you didn’t expect it to come from. Be brief in setting the stage and explaining the context of the compliment—what is most important is your reflection on its significance and how it shaped your understanding of yourself.

Stanford University

Prompt: List five things that are important to you.

What Makes it Unique: This prompt’s simplicity is what makes it so challenging. Stanford asks for a list, not an essay, which means you have very limited space (50 words) to convey something meaningful about yourself. Additionally, the prompt does not specify what these “things” must be—they could be a physical item, an idea, a concept, or even a pastime. Whatever you choose, these five items should add depth to your identity, values, and priorities.

How to Answer it: Start by brainstorming what matters most to you—these could be values, activities, people, places, or even abstract concepts. The key is to choose items or concepts that, when considered together, provide a comprehensive snapshot of who you are. For example, you might select something tangible and specific such as “an antique telescope gifted by my grandfather” alongside something conceptual such as “the willingness to admit when you’re wrong.” The beauty of this prompt is that it doesn’t require complex sentences or elaborate explanations—just a clear and honest reflection of what you hold dear. Be thoughtful in your selections, and use this prompt to showcase your creativity and core values.

While the supplemental essays should convey something meaningful about you, your values, and your unique qualifications for the university to which you are applying, the best essays are those that are playful, original, and unexpected. By starting early and taking the time to draft and revise their ideas, students can showcase their authentic personalities and distinguish themselves from other applicants through their supplemental essays.

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Trump and Allies Forge Plans to Increase Presidential Power in 2025

The former president and his backers aim to strengthen the power of the White House and limit the independence of federal agencies.

Donald J. Trump intends to bring independent regulatory agencies under direct presidential control. Credit... Doug Mills/The New York Times

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Published July 17, 2023 Updated July 18, 2023

Donald J. Trump and his allies are planning a sweeping expansion of presidential power over the machinery of government if voters return him to the White House in 2025, reshaping the structure of the executive branch to concentrate far greater authority directly in his hands.

Their plans to centralize more power in the Oval Office stretch far beyond the former president’s recent remarks that he would order a criminal investigation into his political rival, President Biden, signaling his intent to end the post-Watergate norm of Justice Department independence from White House political control.

Mr. Trump and his associates have a broader goal: to alter the balance of power by increasing the president’s authority over every part of the federal government that now operates, by either law or tradition, with any measure of independence from political interference by the White House, according to a review of his campaign policy proposals and interviews with people close to him.

Mr. Trump intends to bring independent agencies — like the Federal Communications Commission, which makes and enforces rules for television and internet companies, and the Federal Trade Commission, which enforces various antitrust and other consumer protection rules against businesses — under direct presidential control.

He wants to revive the practice of “impounding” funds, refusing to spend money Congress has appropriated for programs a president doesn’t like — a tactic that lawmakers banned under President Richard Nixon.

He intends to strip employment protections from tens of thousands of career civil servants, making it easier to replace them if they are deemed obstacles to his agenda. And he plans to scour the intelligence agencies, the State Department and the defense bureaucracies to remove officials he has vilified as “the sick political class that hates our country.”

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leaf, in botany, any usually flattened green outgrowth from the stem of a vascular plant.As the primary sites of photosynthesis, leaves manufacture food for plants, which in turn ultimately nourish and sustain all land animals. Botanically, leaves are an integral part of the stem system. They are attached by a continuous vascular system to the rest of the plant so that free exchange of ...
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Leaf function

Parts of a Leaf With Their Structure and Functions

What are the Different Parts of a Leaf

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3. Leaf-blade or Lamina

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Essay on the Parts of a Leaf | Parts | Angiosperms | Botany

Essay # 1. Hypopodium or Leaf-Base:

Essay # 2. Petiole or Mesopodium or Leaf Stalk :

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